Photocatalytic CO2 reduction faces efficiency limitations due to fast bulk-phase carriers recombination and insufficient active sites for most pristine semiconductors. A crystal engineering approach was developed to induce spin polarization, which enhanced full-space electric field in the ZnSn(OH)6 via Co doping and oxygen vacancies modification (denoted as 5CZSOH-Vo). This full-space electric field arose from a cascade of local polarized electric field and bulk electric field, triggering oriented migration of photogenerated electrons from [OH] regions to [Zn-Sn] regions and eventually to Co sites, which accelerated carriers separation in the bulk and on surface. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and Density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that the intensity of full-space electric field of the 5CZSOH-Vo was 2.74 times that of ZnSn(OH)6. The *CO*CO energy barrier was reduced from 2.56 to 1.43 eV via enhanced electron transfer to *CO (0.48 e- vs. 0.11 e-), ascribing to the combined action of spin polarization and full-space electric field. The highest CO production rate of 204.10 mu mol center dot g- 1 center dot h- 1 was achieved from the 5CZSOH-Vo, 15.14 times that of ZnSn(OH)6. Notably, desired CO production of 47.17 mu mol center dot g- 1 center dot h- 1 was achieved from the photocatalytic system fed with industrial flue gas (CO2 purity of 15 %). This study provides inspiration for designing efficient photocatalyst for industrial CO2 conversion into fuels.

A novel method was proposed to prepare high-hydrophobicity microporous biochar derived from rice husks by nonthermal plasma (NTP) pretreatment and ion exchange to enhance the adsorption performance of gaseous p-xylene (PX). The optimal conditions of NTP pretreatment were relative humidity of 60%, discharge power of 27.34 W, and discharge time of 10 min in air at atmospheric pressure. The oxygen-containing functional and nitrogenous groups were introduced on the surface of rice husk powder due to the active species (& sdot;H, & sdot;OH, & sdot;N, and & sdot;O) generated during NTP irradiation. More ion exchange sites were provided for the K ion exchange with the H ion of-COOH and-OH prior to carbonization. Then, highly hydrophobic microporous biochar (KC-NTP-CRH) was obtained with larger specific surface area of 644.2 m2 g-1 and volume of micropore of 0.21 cm3 g-1, which showed excellent PX adsorption capacity (281.30 mg g-1) at 30 degrees C and relative humidity of 100%. Adsorption was well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isothermal model. Breakthrough curve analysis was also employed to evaluate the dynamic adsorption performance of PX at 0% and 80% relative humidity, confirming the advantage of KC-NTP-CRH for PX capture under humid conditions. Furthermore, the density functional theory calculations and in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform test analysis proved that the adsorption mechanism of PX by KC-NTP-CRH not only involved pore filling but also contained van der Waals interactions, pi-pi interaction, and hydrogen bonding.

In this study, the Bi2WO6/NiFeAl-LDH heterojunction containing tungsten (W) vacancies and aluminium (Al) vacancies (Vw-BWO/VAl-NiFeAl-LDH) was fabricated via hydrothermal process and alkali etching for photo-catalytic degradation of levofloxacin (LEV). Results of various characterisations verified the existence of W and Al vacancies in the heterojunction, which accelerated carriers separation and increased the number of active sites for pollutant adsorption and activation. Results of work function (Phi) and electron spin resonance (ESR) demonstrated that the charge transfer pathway of the Vw-BWO/VAl-NiFeAl-LDH was consistent with the Sscheme heterojunction mechanism. The Vw-BWO/VAl-NiFeAl-LDH achieved LEV removal of 88.48 % within 60 min of light irradiation, and this efficiency was 1.21 times that of pure Bi2WO6. Notably, with the assistance of a magnetic field (20 mT) to the photocatalytic system, LEV degradation efficiency was enhanced to 1.48 times that of pure Bi2WO6, possibly ascribing to the altering spin state of photo-generated electrons, suppressing carriers recombination to enhance photocatalytic performance. Two degradation pathways of LEV were deduced based on the identified degradation intermediates, and the ecotoxicity of LEV degradation was analysed. This study provides a strategy for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of heterojunction by inducing dual cation vacancies and magnetic field assistance.

Developing efficient photocatalysts with fast carriers separation and sufficient active sites for CO2 conversion into fuels is crucial. Herein, a series of Mg-doped CdIn2S4 (xMg-CdIn2S4) photocatalysts were synthesized via hydrothermal method for light-driven CO2 reduction. Results of characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that Mg2+ aliovalent substitution of In3+ induced sulfur vacancies (VS) formation and lowered its formation energy. Concurrently, Mg2+ doping reduced the work function of the CdIn2S4 and enhanced Mg-p/S-p orbital hybridization, facilitating carriers separation. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) measurements revealed that the surface photovoltage (Delta CPD) of 3Mg-CdIn2S4 was 22 times that of pristine CdIn2S4. Adsorption energy calculations and CO2 temperature-programmed desorption (CO2-TPD) with CO temperature-programmed desorption (CO-TPD) results demonstrated that the activated VS and Mg centers acted as efficient active sites for enhancing CO2 adsorption and activation. In the presence of a photosensitizer and sacrificial agent, the 3Mg-CdIn2S4 achieved a CO production rate of 8.14 mu mol & sdot;g-1 & sdot;h-1, 6.1 times that of pure CdIn2S4, while maintaining great stability after 7 cycles. In situ Fourier transform infrared (in-situ FTIR) spectroscopy unveiled the key intermediates during CO2 conversion, and possible CO2 reduction pathway was proposed. This study highlighted the crucial role of aliovalent Mg2+ doping in activating VS and increasing active sites in ternary metal sulfides, providing reference for designing desired photocatalysts for CO2 conversion.

The conventional synthesis of diethyl disulfide (DEDS) is often plagued by complex procedures and environmental burdens. This pioneering study established a dual-function photocatalytic system that simultaneously transformed ethanethiol into valuable DEDS and produced renewable H2 fuel. The system was built on a Nidoped two-dimensional (2D)/2D WO3/ZnIn2S4 (WZIS) S-scheme heterojunction. In situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed the charge transfer mechanism of the S-scheme heterojunction, where efficient band alignment promoted the recombination of low-energy electrons (WO3 conduction band) with low-energy holes (ZnIn2S4 valence band), preserving highly reactive electrons and holes for redox reactions. Ni doping further boosted performance by trapping electrons and providing active sites, doubling the photocurrent and reducing impedance 5-fold. Under visible-light irradiation, the optimal catalyst delivered a remarkable H2 production rate of 2434.48 mu mol center dot g-1 center dot h-1 (eight times higher than that delivered by bare WZIS) and achieved 60.88 % conversion of ethanethiol with superior selectivity to DEDS. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was elucidated through density functional theory calculations and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, revealing the specific roles of active species (center dot OH, center dot O2- and h+). This study established a novel paradigm for multifunctional photo-catalysis that integrates valuable chemical synthesis with clean energy production.

To address the bottlenecks of sluggish carrier separation and insufficient active sites in lead-free halide perovskite of Cs3Sb2Cl9, magnetic transition metal (Co) was introduced and regulated the Co/Sb bimetallic ratio via a facile co-precipitation method to develop the Cs4Co1.2Sb1.8Cl12 for light-driven CO2 conversion. Results of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and theoretical calculations revealed that the introduction of Co2 + could promote the formation of chlorine vacancies (VCl) and enhance local spin polarization, thereby facilitating CO2 adsorption and activation, as well as accelerating carriers separation. The average carriers lifetime of the Cs4Co1.2Sb1.8Cl12 was 1.8 times that of pristine Cs4CoSb2Cl12, beneficial to charges participation in CO2 reduction reaction. The CO yield from the Cs4Co1.2Sb1.8Cl12 (130.23 mu mol & sdot;g-1 & sdot;h-1) was 1.33 times that of Cs4CoSb2Cl12 and 278 times that of pure Cs3Sb2Cl9. Notably, without sacrificial agent, an unprecedented CO yield of 66.22 mu mol & sdot;g-1 & sdot;h-1 was achieved in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, representing the best performance among lead-free halide double perovskites reported to date. In-situ FTIR analysis demonstrated the carboxylate (COOH*) as the dominated intermediate during CO2 reduction. This work provides a reference for designing efficient lead-free halide perovskite photocatalysts via enriching halide vacancies and strengthening spin polarization for CO2 conversion.

Ozone catalytic oxidation (OZCO) offers a promising route for ambient-temperature abatement of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but its efficiency is often limited by competitive adsorption between ozone and VOCs molecules, inefficient utilization of short-lived reactive oxygen species (ROS), and insufficient deep mineralization. Herein, we report a hydroxyl microenvironment strategy to construct spatially adjacent Lewis-Br & oslash;nsted acid sites on MnOx/gamma-Al2O3 for relay ozonation of toluene. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations combined with 1H/27Al magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) reveal that an optimized Mn loading programs terminal Al-OH (OHT) and bridging Al-OH-Al (OHB) species, thereby generating adjacent Mn/OHT-associated Lewis acid ensembles and OHB-derived Br & oslash;nsted acid sites. The Lewis acid promotes ozone adsorption and decomposition into ROS, whereas the Br & oslash;nsted acid sites favor toluene adsorption and pre-activation, enabling short-range ROS utilization and suppressing single-site competition. The optimized MnOx/gamma-Al2O3 catalyst achieves complete removal of toluene and residual ozone at room temperature, with a mineralization efficiency of 87.51% and excellent environmental adaptability. This work establishes a hydroxyl microenvironment tailored acid-site engineering strategy for designing efficient catalysts for low-temperature VOCs abatement.

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a critical process for energy production and conversion, is often hindered by unappropriated energy barriers. The spin state, as one of the most fundamental characteristics of electron, is directly correlated with electron transfer and the process of bonding orbital hybridization. Precisely tailoring spin-state engineering with intermediate spin (IS) state for better adsorption for oxygen intermediates (O*) and enhance OER is important but challenging. Herein, we present the unique CoMoOOH/Co3S4 catalyst originating from the in-situ reconstruction of pre-catalysts via secondary coordination environment (SCE) modulation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations is systematically employed to assess the charge transfer capacity and adsorption energy to guide heteroatoms modification. Comprehensive analysis discovers that Mo modification in SCE induces a distortion in CoO6 units and reduces the crystal field splitting energy, prompting partial t2g electron transition into the eg orbitals thereby generating and stabilizing the IS Co3+ species. These unpaired eg electrons subsequently facilitate electron transition and hybridization between O* and Co active sites, thereby effectively reducing the energy barriers and enhancing the OER activity (a low η10 of 186 mV). This work provides thoughtful insights into the electronic structure-function relationship which is significant for the advancement of various sustainable energy conversions.

Facet engineering, morphology regulation and heterojunction construction can enhance photocatalytic activity by tuning electronic structure and accelerating carriers separation. In this study, BaTiO3 in two morphologies (nanowires and nanoballs) with different crystal facet orientation, were hybrided with CoSn(OH)6 featuring frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) to construct CoSn(OH)6/BaTiO3 heterojunction for low concentration CO2 reduction. The effect of facet and morphologies on interfacial electric field (IEF) was explored. Diverse characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, such as Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and work function calculations, revealed that enhanced (101) facet orientation on nanowire-like BaTiO3 in the CoSn (OH)6/BaTiO3 could enhance IEF, driving directed electrons migration. Besides, more oxygen vacancies derived from BaTiO3 nanowires further enhanced oriented IEF strength and accelerated electron transfer, leading to electrons accumulation on CoSn(OH)6 of the heterojunction, favoring CO2 conversion. Meanwhile, the intrinsic FLPs (where O atoms served as Lewis base sites, donating electrons to CO2, and Co centers acted as Lewis acid sites, receiving electrons from adsorbed CO2 molecules) of the CoSn(OH)6/BaTiO3 (nanowires) heterojunction facilitated CO2 adsorption. With synergistic effects among highly active (101) facet, excellent morphology, enhanced IEF and FLPs, the CoSn(OH)6/BaTiO3 (nanowires) heterojunction achieved the highest CO yield of 423.1 mu mol center dot g-1 center dot h-1 during CO2 reduction, significantly surpassing those of pure CoSn(OH)6 (149 mu mol center dot g-1 center dot h-1) and CoSn(OH)6/BaTiO3 (nanoballs) composite (72.1 mu mol center dot g-1 center dot h-1). Notably, the CoSn(OH)6/BaTiO3 (nano-wires) heterojunction exhibited excellent CO yield (150 mu mol center dot g-1 center dot h-1) under low CO2 concentration (CO2/ Ar:10%/90%). Possible pathways for CO2 conversion were revealed. This study establishes referencial strategy for designing efficient photocatalysts for high-performance CO2 conversion.

Degradation of co-existing complex pollutants in photocatalytic system is a challenge, and the understanding of pollutants co-degradation behavior remains unclear. In this study, the Zn3In2S6/ZnWO4 heterojunction with strong redox ability was synthesized for synchronous degradation of co-existing levofloxacin (LEV) and 2,4dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and degradation kinetics and underlying mechanism were explored. Work-function and charge-density analyses, together with XPS, HRTEM, PL, TRPL, and EIS characterizations, evidenced spontaneous electron migration from ZnWO4 to Zn3In2S6, establishing an interfacial electric field facilitating photo-induced carrier separation. The Zn3In2S6/ZnWO4-30 % achieved synchronous removals of LEV (84.2 %) and 2,4-DCP (71.6 %) within 60 min. LEV degradation underwent a center dot O2- -dominated route, while 2,4-DCP decomposition was proceeded mainly via center dot OH attack; their complementary radical demands coupled with competitive adsorption yielded synergistic outcome for co-degradation (enhanced 2,4-DCP removal with only a slight LEV attenuation). Adsorption-energy calculations showed much stronger binding of LEV (Eads = -0.2357 eV) than that of 2,4-DCP (Eads = -0.05801 eV). The degradation pathways were proposed based on identified intermediates and Fukui function index calculations. ECOSAR toxicity evaluation indicated relatively low ecological risk of most degradation intermediates. This study provides fundamental insights for degradation of co-existing organic contaminants in photocatalytic systems.

Photocatalysts with great light utilization, efficient carrier separation and abundant active sites are highly desired for CO2 reduction. Dual-metal hydroxides, with terminal hydroxyl groups positioned on two neighboring different metal atoms, are ideal for forming frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) for efficient CO2 adsorption and activation. In this study, dual-metal hydroxide perovskite (CoSn(OH)6)/CdS S-scheme heterojunction was synthesized for CO2 photocatalytic reduction, and synergistic effect between FLPs and interface electric field (IEF) was explored. Results of characterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that an IEF formed at the heterojunction interface, accelerating photogenerated electrons transfer from the CdS to CoSn (OH)6 under light, and FLPs were successfully created on catalyst surface under irradiation. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that hydroxyl groups attached to Co tended to break under light irradiation, and the unsaturated Co atoms served as Lewis acid sites, adsorbing O atoms of CO2 molecules, while terminal hydroxyls at Sn sites acted as Lewis base sites, adsorbing C atoms. Temperature-programmed CO2 desorption (CO2-TPD) demonstrated that FLPs could enhance CO2 adsorption on catalysts. The IEF in the CoSn(OH)6/CdS resulted in more electrons accumulating on Lewis acid sites (Co atoms) for CO2 reduction, and the IEF and FLPs synergistically enhanced CO2 reduction, achieving a CO yield of 302.4 mu mol center dot g- 1 center dot h- 1, surpassing pristine CoSn (OH)6 (149.0 mu mol center dot g- 1 center dot h- 1) and CdS (1.3 mu mol center dot g- 1 center dot h- 1). Potential pathways of CO2 reduction were induced. This study provides a reference for designing high-performance photocatalysts with Frustrated Lewis pairs for CO2 conversion.

In this research, the Bi2WO6/CuS heterojunctions (Vw-BWO/Cu1-xS) with Cu vacancies and W vacancies were fabricated via hydrothermal and post-etching methods towards levofloxacin (LEV) degradation. Multiple characterizations and tests verified the presence of W and Cu vacancies, and the Vw-BWO/Cu1-xS 10:1 heterojunction exhibited favorable optical properties. Density function theory (DFT) calculations revealed that W, Cu cation vacancies induced electron spin polarization on the Vw-BWO/Cu1-xS, facilitating carrier separation, and allowing more holes to be participated in photocatalytic reaction. Moreover, the presence of W, Cu vacancies could increase active sites, facilitating LEV absorption and activation. The Vw-BWO/Cu1-xS 10:1 composite achieved the highest LEV removal of 90.61 % within 60 min of light exposure, which was 1.24 times of the BWO. Notably, application of an external magnetic field (20 mT) to the Vw-BWO/Cu1-xS 10:1 could enhance photocatalytic degradation of LEV, which was 1.46 times of that without external magnetic field. Additionally, possible degradation routes of LEV and ecotoxicity of degradation intermediate products were determined. This study opens up a feasible approach for introduction of cationic vacancies and spin polarization on heterojunctions to improve photocatalytic activity.

Future climate change has been shown to influence the hydrological performance of bioretention cells (BC), with most research focusing on areas with native high-permeability soils. However, the effects under low-permeability soil conditions have not been fully addressed. This study, utilizing CMIP6 climate scenario data, comprehensively evaluates the impacts of key precipitation characteristics (including antecedent dry days (ADD), precipitation amount, and precipitation duration) on the hydrological performance of BCs under three different low-permeability native soil conditions (L1, L2, and L3) for the period of 2006-2050. The results indicate that, under future scenarios, the average number of ADDs is expected to increase from 5-15 days. Additionally, the frequency of precipitation events exceeding 80 mm will increase, and the duration of most precipitation events will decrease. The extension of the ADD has a minimal effect on the hydraulic performance of soils with low initial and stable permeabilities (L1), with reductions in total runoff and peak flow rates of 3.01%-4.67%. However, the impact is more significant for soils with high initial permeabilities (L2 and L3), where the reductions in total runoff and peak flow increase to 4.64%-12.71% and 2.38%-10.88%, respectively. Increased precipitation has a small effect on the total runoff reduction across all soil scenarios, with a decrease of only 1.22%-4.32%, but it significantly lowers the peak flow reduction rate by 12.32%-42.86%, indicating a greater risk of peak flow in low-permeability areas. Shortened precipitation has a small effect on L1 soils, with a runoff reduction of only 0.46%-0.98%, but it has a greater effect on L2 and L3 soils, with reductions of 1.02%-6.79%. Moreover, a shorter precipitation duration significantly decreased the peak flow reduction rate across all the soil types, with a decrease of 2.44%-27.08%. Therefore, under future climate change, special attention should be given to the potential increase in runoff and peak flow for L2 and L3 soils when designing and constructing BCs.

Lead-free halide double perovskites (LFHDPs) show great potential for solar-to-fuel conversion due to their unique photoelectrochemical properties, but they suffer from easy carriers recombination and insufficient active sites. In this work, a series of Co-doped Cs4MnBi2Cl12 (denoting as Cs4MnCoxBi1-xCl12) microcrystals were synthesized for CO2 photocatalytic reduction. Results of various characterizations, Kelvin probe microscopy mode (KPFM) and density functional theory simulation (DFT) calculations showed that Co doping into the Cs4MnBi2Cl12 could induce spin polarization, resulting in fast carriers separation and extending carriers lifetime. The Cs4MnCo0.9Bi0.1Cl12 (CMC0.9B0.1C) microcrystals exhibited the CO yield of 69.16 mu mol & sdot;g-1 & sdot;h-1, which was 177 times of that of CMBC (0.39 mu mol & sdot;g-1 & sdot;h-1). Notably, CO2 reduction performance from the CMC0.9B0.1C was significantly enhanced by applying an external magnetic field (300 mT) to the system, with CO yield reaching 99.96 mu mol & sdot;g-1 & sdot;h-1. The main intermediates during CO2 reduction were carboxylate (COOH*) and chelatingbridged carbonate (C-CO32-), and CO2 reduction pathways and mechanism were proposed accordingly. These findings highlight the great potential of Co-doped Cs4MnCoxBi1-xCl12 as a promising photocatalyst for light-driven CO2 reduction, opening up new avenues for the development of LFHDPs-based photocatalytic system.

Enhanced carriers separation on photocatalysts is crucial for improving photocatalytic activity. In this paper, the Co-doped BiVO4/ZnWO4 4 /ZnWO 4 S-scheme heterojunctions were constructed to induce double internal electric fields (IEFs) for enhancing charges separation and transfer for efficient photocatalytic reduction of CO2. 2 . The photo- catalytic CO2 2 reduction efficiencies of the heterojunctions were significantly enhanced as compared with the counterparts. The optimized Co-doped BiVO4/ZnWO4 4 /ZnWO 4 exhibited the highest CO yield of 138.4 mu mol center dot g-- 1 center dot h- 1 , which were 86.5 and 1.4 folds of the BiVO4 4 and Co-doped BiVO4. 4 . Results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron spin resonance (ESR), and work function demonstrated that charge transfer path of Co-doped BiVO4/ZnWO4 4 /ZnWO 4 conformed to S-scheme heterojunction mechanism. The kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the differential charge distributions confirmed the existence of double IEFs, which accelerated carrier separation and improved CO2 2 adsorption and activation. In addition, in- situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ISFT-IR) revealed that HCOO-- was the major intermediate during the CO2 2 reaction. This study provides a feasible means to develop composite photocatalysts with dual IEFs for effective photocatalytic CO2 2 reduction.

In this work, the pre-catalyst named FN-DLN with unique redox activity was prepared by a two-step hydrothermal method and used as an anodes for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) after electrochemical reconstruction. High current densities were applied to achieve reconstruction and achieve stabilization. The changes before and after the reconfiguration process as well as the structural evolution during the reconfiguration process were probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), UV-visible spectrophotometer, and in situ Raman. The reconfigured catalyst has excellent OER activity, requiring only 188 mV and 221 mV overpotentials to achieve current densities of 10 mA cm- 2 and 100 mA cm- 2, respectively. The experimental and characterizing results demonstrated that: (1) The redox-active ligands, 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone (DHBQ), can accept electrons from metal sites, and pre-activating metal site Ni from 2 + to 3 + during the hydrothermal process; (2) During electrochemical reconstruction, the ligand bond between the metal center and the ligand is broken by OH- in a strongly alkaline environment, leading to the collapse of the backbone structure of MOFs. While the dissolution of DHBQ and accelerated oxygen vacancy formation also favored the formation of amorphous structures with higher catalytic activity.

The severe scarcity of strategic metals in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and the environmental hazards of improper disposal necessitate cleaner alternatives to the conventional, energy-intensive, and environmentally hazardous pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical recycling processes. In this study, to address the inherent variability of process parameters and the complex interference of parameter interactions during the recycling of spent LIBs, we propose a sulfur-carbon co-roasting system, with machine learning (ML) serving as an auxiliary tool, and integrate it with experimental validation. The optimal process conditions were selected from Pareto solutions by similarity to ideal solution, thereby significantly shortening the research cycle compared to traditional methods. The recycling system utilizes intrinsic carbon in battery black mass combined with thiourea to balance the redox driving forces, where the carbon provides the primary reducing power while sulfur selectively steers lithium toward soluble Li2SO4. This novel synergistic approach achieves 92.54 % Li extraction efficiency through in situ Li2SO4 formation at moderate temperatures without SOx emissions. Specifically, ML identified temperature and Li/S ratio as key factors, guiding experimental validation that confirms carbon enables Li-O bond cleavage with low energy consumption by weakening the bonds. Moreover, residual valuable metal oxides exhibit excellent performance in persulfate activation, achieving 94 % levofloxacin degradation in 60 min through combined experimental and toxicity analyses. The EverBatt model estimated economic and environmental impacts, showing greenhouse gas emissions equivalent to 37.5 % of pyrometallurgical and 54.8 % of hydrometallurgical processes. This study provides a new approach to advancing intelligent battery recycling through ML-optimized resource-carbon-economy synergy.

The photocatalytic activity of photocatalysts is often limited by rapid recombination of photo-induced electron-hole pairs, insufficient active sites and slow reaction kinetics. In this study, the Co-doped ZnSn(OH)6/ZnWO4 heterojunctions with oxygen vacancies and Lewis basic sites were synthesized for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction. The Co-doped ZnSn(OH)6/ZnWO4 exhibited superior photoelectrochemical properties to the ZnSn(OH)6 and ZnWO4. Results of kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) and electron density difference calculations demonstrated that Co doping induced lattice distortion in ZnSn(OH)6, generating a local electric field, which, in synergy with oxygen vacancies in ZnWO4, further enhanced the built-in electric field (IEF) within the Co-doped ZnSn(OH)6/ZnWO4 heterojunction, significantly accelerating carriers separation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation also revealed that the Lewis basicity of ZnSn(OH)6 and oxygen vacancies in ZnWO4 enhanced CO2 adsorption on the Co-doped ZnSn(OH)6/ZnWO4 heterojunction, facilitating CO2 conversion. The Co-ZnSn(OH)6/ZnWO4-VO composite exhibited the highest CO production rate (90.18 μmol·g-1·h-1) during CO2 reduction, which was 25.47 and 1.28 times of those of ZnSn(OH)6 and Co-ZnSn(OH)6/ZnWO4, respectively. The main reaction intermediates were identified and CO2 reduction mechanism was proposed. This work provides reference to improve photocatalytic activity by enhancing IEF and increasing active sites in heterojunctions.

Bioretention cells (BCs) are widely used to manage urban runoff due to their positive impact on runoff control. Current research primarily focuses on optimizing the internal structural design of bioretention cells, while studies on the interactions between their spatial configuration, topography, and land use types are limited. This study employs the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and uses extreme rainfall to analyze the influence of typical stormwater flow paths, determined by various land use types and topography, as well as the spatial configurations of bioretention cells on catchment hydrological performance. The results show the following: (1) Different stormwater flow paths significantly affect catchment hydrological performance, with series-type pathways performing best. (2) The spatial configuration of bioretention cells significantly influences catchment hydrological performance. Decentralized BCs under series-type pathways showed better performance for reducing total outflow and peak runoff, with reduction rates increasing by 7.1% and 8.8%, while centralized BCs better delayed peak times. (3) Stormwater flow paths affect BC efficiency in catchment hydrological performance. Decentralized BCs under a series-type stormwater flow path are recommended for priority use. This study provides a novel perspective for optimizing the spatial arrangement of BCs and urban stormwater management, thereby contributing to flood risk mitigation.