Chronic migraine, a neurological disorder often refractory to conventional medication, necessitates novel therapeutic strategies. Here, bioadaptive acoustoelectric fibers (BAEFs) are developed for ultrasound-driven vagus nerve stimulation, exhibiting high stretchability (830

Capacitively coupled electrical stimulation modulates neuronal activity through reversible charging and without charge transfer reactions. This represents a promising and safe neuromodulation scheme but achieving wireless and high capacitive charge density injection remains challenging. Here, we developed a topological fibrous-architecture sonocapacitor (SonoCap) that assembled from piezoelectric-dielectric composite nanosphere (UCapT) and two-dimensional cellulose. UCapT features a unique piezoelectric core-hollow cavity-dielectric cage structure that can efficiently couples ultrasound excitation to achieve piezoelectric electron-capacitance transfer, and its highly assembled SonoCap achieves cumulative charge storage, a high ion-accessible surface area, and macroscopic softness, thereby enabling wireless and high capacitive charge density injection. SonoCap can achieve a capacitive charge density output of up to 9.7 mC cm−2 under 0.63 W cm−2 ultrasound excitation, while generating a negligible Faradaic charge of 2 nC cm−2. We demonstrated that SonoCap can transcranially and epidurally modulate neural circuit dynamics in rat and pig brains, without introducing intracerebral foreign bodies and maintaining ventricular homeostasis. By integrating a deep learning-based closed-loop diagnostic system, on-demand, wireless, and epidural capacitive electrical stimulation treatment for temporal lobe epilepsy can be achieved. The design concept of SonoCap is expected to inspire expanding development of functional capacitive stimulators, potentially promoting the widespread application of capacitive electrical neuromodulation. Achieving wireless and high charge density neural stimulation remains challenging. To address this issue, the authors develop a sonocapacitor from piezoelectric-dielectric composite nanospheres and two-dimensional cellulose.

The clinical application of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2) is hampered by its high cost, nonspecific diffusion, and severe side effects resulting from uncontrolled burst release from carriers. To overcome these challenges, we developed an intelligent bone repair system that integrates on-demand delivery with acoustic activation. We first biosynthesized highly active rhBMP-2 cost-effectively using a yeast expression system and then encapsulated it into ultrasound-responsive chitosan/tripolyphosphate core-shell microspheres (UCC-rhBMP-2). These microspheres exhibited exceptional kinetic stability under physiological conditions (>80% retention over 21 days in vitro), yet enabled rapid, ultrasound-triggered "burst" release of the payload (>80% within 15 minutes). Furthermore, the combination of COMSOL simulation and experimental verification elucidated the underlying mechanism: ultrasound, via cavitation, can reversibly modulate the pore structure within the microspheres, thereby achieving an “on-off” controlled drug release. This programmed release effectively induces the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into osteoblasts. In a rat calvarial defect model, this synergistic therapy demonstrated unprecedented bone regeneration efficacy. Micro-CT quantification revealed that the “UCC-rhBMP-2 + US” group achieved a 50.3% reduction in bone void volume and a 1.9-fold increase in new bone area at 4 weeks, significantly outperforming all control groups (p < 0.01). This study not only provides an economical and efficient strategy for rhBMP-2 delivery but also pioneers a novel paradigm for bone regeneration by actively modulating the tissue microenvironment via physical stimulation.

The employment of low-frequency electrical stimulation therapy has been shown to elicit a pronounced depolarization of neurons, thereby initiating the regenerative signaling cascades within neural cells, which is favorable for the regeneration of neural cells. In this study, we designed the flexible triboelectric nanogenerator device (TENG) to treat injury of peripheral nerve, which is combined with mesoporous silica (H-SiO2), high dielectric performance of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and connected to biocompatible and conductive polycaprolactone (PCL) conduit materials for limited power generation to neuro-bioelectric response adaptation. By adjusting the content of H-SiO2 and the amount of PDMS monomers, the electrical performance of the device is optimized. Through the charge collection effect of silica molecular sieve, the endogenous neural electric field in nerve injury was stabilized, ensuring the consistency of the electrical stimulation level that is crucial for maintaining resting membrane potential. In vitro experiments clearly demonstrated that electrical stimulation derived from the triboelectric nanogenerator significantly promotes cell proliferation. Further animal experiments confirmed that electrical stimulation can effectively treat sciatic nerve injury and accelerate axonal regeneration. Based on experimental outcomes, we have developed an implantable sciatic nerve system that can stably generate effective electrical pulses in response to rat movement through charge collection. This system regulates the electric field around the injured sciatic nerve, maintains the electric field threshold required for rapid nerve tissue repair, and accelerates the recovery of nerve function.

The development of wearable health monitoring systems is constrained by the limited energy storage of traditional lithium-ion batteries in miniaturized devices. While ambient energy harvesting enables self-powered operation, existing systems lack modular designs, hindering synchronous multi-parameter monitoring and facing trade-offs between energy efficiency and sensor sensitivity. Targeting personalized, scenario-adaptable sensing, this study develops a solar-powered modular sensor network to overcome battery and rigidity limitations-enabling rapid, cost-effective system assembly via flexible modular design, with high-efficiency energy storage (93.5% at 2500 lux). Via a reconfigurable hardware interface with multi-pin multiplexing, it seamlessly incorporates four high-precision sub-modules: posture (posture classification accuracy >99.3%), physiological (SpO(2) and heart rate), GSR (response time <0.1 s), and movement (joint signal resolution 0.125 mV). These sub-modules can be individually combined with the base modules and deployed at specific body locations to form a distributed health monitoring network. Experimental results show an average operating current of 10.48 mA (1.64 mA in sleep mode) under 3.3 V, supporting distributed synchronous acquisition of multi-dimensional biophysical signals. The system has demonstrated functionalities in fall alerting and learning state assessment, achieving stable self-powered operation. While it offers a foundation for a health monitoring platform, its evolution into a high-precision, universal solution for comprehensive use in complex environments is contingent upon further validation with more extensive and diverse real-world data.

Rotator cuff tear (RCT) is one of the most significant concerns in shoulder joint pathologies that require continuous inflammatory niche management. However, current existing strategies for modulating inflammation microenvironment are limited by low efficiency, high invasiveness, drug tolerance, etc. Here, we present a “pleiotropic gas transmitter” strategy based on the magnesium passivation/activation cycle, which triggers the continuous hydrogen release at the injured sites to remodel a balanced inflammation microenvironment. In vitro cell cultures and animal experiments demonstrate the regenerative mechanisms of tendon-to-bone healing by scavenging active oxygen species to avoid oxidative stress and regulating macrophage phenotype to relieve inflammation, eventually enabling rapid tissue regeneration and functional reconstruction. This strategy offers a new avenue against refractory general RCT and various tissue injury diseases.

Modulating the orientation of piezoelectric crystals in biomolecules to match the varying mechanical environments in the body and achieve optimal efficiency remains a key challenge for their biomedical applications. Here, we successfully developed a molecular self-assembly approach to fabricate flexible piezoelectric Glycine-Nb2CTx (Gly-Nb2C) films with crystal orientations ranging from 6 degrees to 82 degrees, modulated by Nb2CTx nanosheets. The GlyNb2C films exhibited crystal orientation-dependent macroscopic longitudinal and transverse piezoelectric properties, as well as rapid NIR photothermal conversion, increasing from 28 degrees C to 43 degrees C within 3 min. These properties facilitate efficient electromechanical sensing capabilities, enabling targeted applications in distinct mechanical environments in vivo, such as the longitudinal forces in the pectoral muscle and the transverse forces in the quadriceps femoris. Ultimately, the Gly-Nb2C film was employed as an electronic patch to effectively promote skin wound regeneration. The synergistic effect of transverse electric stimulation and appropriate heat significantly reduced inflammation and promoted skin cell growth, thereby enhancing both re-epithelialization and vascularization. The unique multifunctional properties of multi-directional piezoelectricity, rapid photo-thermal response, and biodegradability, combined with the simplicity and versatility of its manufacturing process, make this film highly promising for biomedical applications.

Implantable bioelectronics for dynamic articular nerves require interfaces that harmonize extreme mechanical compliance at extreme strains exceeding 120%, stable conductivity, and metabolic permeability-a triad unattained by current stretchable devices. Here, we introduce liquid metal-based ultraelastic fibrous bioelectronics for articular nerves that overcome interfacial and mechanical limitations through molecular engineering and structural design. Thiol-functionalized self-assembled monolayers on liquid metal nanoparticles enhance interfacial adhesion with neural tissues, eliminating fibrous encapsulation, while anisotropic silver nanowire networks decouple mechanical strain from electron transport, achieving negligible resistance variation under 150% repetitive strain. The porous mesh structure enables fluid permeability five orders of magnitude higher than conventional materials, ensuring physiological nutrient exchange in synovial joints. In vivo integration with rat ulnar nerves demonstrated chronic neuromodulation over 6 weeks without disruption of functional behavior. This work redefines biomechanically adaptive neuroelectronics, offering a universal framework for interfacing dynamic biological systems, from prosthetic sensory feedback to treating neurodegenerative pathologies.

Genetics-based neuromodulation schemes are capable of selectively manipulating the activity of defined cell populations with high temporal-spatial resolution, providing unprecedented opportunities for probing cellular biological mechanisms, resolving neuronal projection pathways, mapping neural profiles, and precisely treating neurological and psychiatric disorders. Multimodal implementation schemes, which involve the use of exogenous stimuli such as light, heat, mechanical force, chemicals, electricity, and magnetic stimulation in combination with specific genetically engineered effectors, greatly expand their application space and scenarios. In particular, advanced wireless stimulation schemes have enabled low-invasive targeted neuromodulation through local delivery of navigable micro- and nanosized stimulators. In this review, the fundamental principles and implementation protocols of genetics-based precision neuromodulation are first introduced.The implementation schemes are systematically summarized, including optical, thermal, force, chemical, electrical, and magnetic stimulation, with an emphasis on those wireless and low-invasive strategies. Representative studies are dissected and analyzed for their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, the significance of genetics-based precision neuromodulation is emphasized and the open challenges and future perspectives are concluded.

Neural-electronic interfaces through delivering electroceuticals to lesions and modulating pathological endogenous electrical environments offer exciting opportunities to treat drug-refractory neurological disorders. Such an interface should ideally be compatible with the neural tissue and aggressive biofluid environment. Unfortunately, no interface specifically designed for the biofluid environments is available so far; instead, simply stacking an encapsulation layer on silicon-based substrates makes them susceptible to biofluid leakage, device malfunction, and foreign-body reactions. Here, we developed a biofluid-permeable and erosion-resistant wireless neural-electronic interface (BNEI) that is composed of a flexible 3D interconnected poly(l-lactide) fibrous network with a dense and axially aligned piezoelectrical molecular chain arrangement architecture. The organized molecular chain structure enhances the tortuous pathway and longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient of poly(l-lactide) fibers, improves their water barrier properties, and enables efficient conversion of low-intensity acoustic vibrations transmitted in biofluids into electrical signals, achieving long-term stable and wireless neuromodulation. A 3-month clinical trial demonstrated that the BNEI can effectively accelerate the pathological cascade in peripheral neuropathy for nerve regeneration and transcranially modulate cerebellar-cerebral circuit dynamics, suppressing seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy. The BNEI can be a clinically scalable approach for wireless neuromodulation that is broadly applicable to the modulation of neurohomeostasis in both the peripheral and central nervous systems.

Bionic bioelectronics has promising applications in bone defect repair, with current research primarily focusing on the development of electroactive biomaterials and self-powered systems, which can mimic the electrophysiological microenvironment of natural bone tissue, accelerating bone healing by promoting osteoblast proliferation and differentiation through electrical stimulation. However, the biological mechanisms of bionic electrical stimulation in bone defect repair remain incompletely understood. Here, the study developed a self-sustained biomimetic bioelectronic system comprising a triboelectric/piezoelectric hybrid nanogenerator (TP-hNG) and a multifunctional gold-coated polymer internal fixation plate (GP-IFP), which utilizes the natural biomechanical properties of rat heartbeat and respiratory movements to generate bionic electric signals (Bio-SIG) that are closely related to physiological neurofeedback signals. The Bio-SIG can disrupt the glucose metabolic homeostasis in osteoblasts, enhancing the osteoblasts' dependence on aerobic glycolysis while attenuating dependence on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). This metabolic shift triggers critical steps in osteogenic differentiation, bone formation and mineralization, effectively facilitating the repair of bone defects. This work reveals the key role of glucose metabolic reprogramming in osteogenesis mediated by bionic electrical stimulation, elucidates the complex regulatory mechanisms of bionics in bone regenerative medicine and deepens the understanding of how biofeedback electrical stimulation precisely regulates the bone regeneration process, which provides a solid theoretical basis for clinical personalized treatment.

Self-sustainable bioelectronic devices that incorporate physiological synchronization functions are attracting increasing research interest because they could provide the variable functions required by living cells and tissues. However, from the popular viewpoint, self-sustainable bioelectronic devices are presently regarded to provide unidirectional stimulation, similarly to traditional bioelectronic devices that prompt cells and tissues to passively respond to the electrical cues delivered to them. The active effect of self-sustainable bioelectronic devices, which allows cells and/or tissues to autonomously alter the delivered electrical stimulation on demand, has not been fully recognized. This Perspective article presents the insight that self-sustainable bioelectronics could act as a bidirectional ‘bridge’ linking the electrical modulation of a cell or tissue with its growth and development requirements, thereby establishing a fully autonomous, closed-loop regulatory system. The interaction processes arising in microscopic (cell–piezoelectric material) and macroscopic (organ–electromechanically coupled device) systems are discussed, and typical examples of self-sustainable bioelectronics are presented, highlighting the key challenges of signal fidelity and long-term device stability. Predictions of the future trajectory of self-sustainable bioelectronics, and design considerations for the next generation of intelligent bioelectronic devices, are also included. This Perspective highlights the biofeedback capability of self-sustainable bioelectronics, which provides a new treatment paradigm. This feature enables cells and tissues to autonomously alter the supplied electrical stimulation to meet their varying needs, thereby forming a bidirectional interaction mechanism at organism–machine interfaces.

Monolayer 2D metal‐organic framework (MOF) nanosheets, characterized by abundant exposed active sites and tunable structure and function (such as altering the metal nodes or organic ligands), have emerged as a pivotal class of 2D materials, demonstrating irreplaceable applications across diverse research domains in materials and chemistry. This review provides a comprehensive survey of the latest research progress in the synthesis of monolayer 2D MOF nanosheets. Specifically, recent synthetic strategies, including top‐down and bottom‐up methods, are delved and their applications in gas separation, catalysis, sensing platforms, and energy storage are explored. Additionally, the challenges faced in the investigation of monolayer 2D MOF nanosheets are elucidated and future opportunities for these materials as a novel generation of 2D materials are outlined.

Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), recognized as a piezoelectric material, not only demonstrates exceptional piezoelectric properties but also exhibits commendable biocompatibility and biodegradability. These properties render PLLA highly promising for diverse applications, including sensors, wearable devices, biomedical engineering, and related domains. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the distinctive piezoelectric effect of PLLA-based material and delves into the latest advancements in its preparation strategies as a piezoelectric material. It further presents recent research progress in PLLA-based piezoelectric materials, particularly in the realms of health monitoring, skin repair, nerve regeneration, and tissue repair. The discourse extends to providing insights into potential future trajectories for the development of PLLA-based piezoelectric materials.

Burning rate suppressants (BRSs) refer to a series of additives that reduce the burning rate of propellants, crucial for achieving sustained and stable thrust. This research focuses on assessing the impact of ammonium sulfate and ammonium oxalate on thermal stability and their potential as BRSs. Due to the stronger inhibitory effect of ammonium sulfate on the AP proton transfer process, the activation energy of propellant's first decomposition can be increased from 94.71 kJ mol−1 to 129.69 kJ mol−1 at a 3 % addition level. Based on Semenov model, the self‐accelerated decomposition temperatures (TSADT) were calculated and validated through 7‐day isothermal test. Introducing ammonium sulfate and ammonium oxalate raised the TSADT from 197.31 °C to 220.90 °C and 215.06 °C, respectively, deviating less than 4 % from experimental results. Among the propellants tested, those with ammonium sulfate showed prolonged response delay times (44.43–33.60 h), lower superheating temperatures (222.8–445.5 °C), and reduced mass loss rates (33.0–71.4 %) after 7 days of isothermal storage at 220–240 °C. The consistency between thermal analysis and isothermal test underscores the significant impact of activation energy on thermal stability.

With the advancement of flexible bioelectronics, developing highly elastic and breathable piezoelectric materials and devices that achieve conformal deformation, synchronous electromechanical coupling with the human body and high-fidelity collection of biological information remains a significant challenge. Here, a nanoconfinement self-assembly strategy is developed to prepare elastic phenylalanine dipeptide (FF) crystal fibers, in which FF crystals form a unique Mortise-Tenon structure with oriented styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene molecular beams and thereby obtain elasticity (≈1200 A schematic illustration depicting the utilization of styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene (SBS) fibers as a self-assembly nanoconfinement carrier for phenylalanine dipeptide (FF) has been provided, showcasing the formation mechanism of elastic FF crystal fibers featuring a distinctive Mortise-Tenon structure.

In recent years, there has been considerable attention devoted to flexible electronic devices within the realm of biomedical engineering. These devices demonstrate the capability to accurately capture human physiological signals, thereby facilitating efficient human-computer interaction, and providing a novel approach of flexible electronics for monitoring and treating related diseases. A notable contribution to this domain is the emergence of conductive hydrogels as a novel flexible electronic material. Renowned for their exceptional flexibility, adjustable electrical conductivity, and facile processing, conductive hydrogels have emerged as the preferred material for designing and fabricating innovative flexible electronic devices. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in flexible electronic devices rooted in conductive hydrogels. It offers an in-depth exploration of existing synthesis strategies for conductive hydrogels and subsequently examines the latest progress in their applications, including flexible neural electrodes, sensors, energy storage devices and soft robots. The analysis extends to the identification of technological challenges and developmental opportunities in both the synthesis of new conductive hydrogels and their application in the dynamic field of flexible electronics.

Biomolecular piezoelectric materials show great potential in the field of wearable and implantable biomedical devices. Here, a self-assemble approach is developed to fabricating flexible beta-glycine piezoelectric nanofibers with interfacial polarization locked aligned crystal domains induced by Nb(2)CT(x)( )nanosheets. Acted as an effective nucleating agent, Nb(2)CT(x )nanosheets can induce glycine to crystallize from edges toward flat surfaces on its 2D crystal plane and form a distinctive eutectic structure within the nanoconfined space. The interfacial polarization locking formed between O atom on glycine and Nb atom on Nb(2)CT(x )is essential to align the beta-glycine crystal domains with (001) crystal plane intensity extremely improved. This beta-phase glycine/Nb(2)CT(x )nanofibers (Gly-Nb2C-NFs) exhibit fabulous mechanical flexibility with Young's modulus of 10 MPa, and an enhanced piezoelectric coefficient of 5.0 pC N-1 or piezoelectric voltage coefficient of 129 x 10(-3)Vm N-1. The interface polarization locking greatly improves the thermostability of beta-glycine before melting (approximate to 210(degrees)C). A piezoelectric sensor based on this Gly-Nb2C-NFs is used for micro-vibration sensing in vivo in mice and exhibits excellent sensing ability. This strategy provides an effective approach for the regular crystallization modulation for glycine crystals, opening a new avenue toward the design of piezoelectric biomolecular materials induced by 2D materials.