Neuromorphic computing continues to advance, fueling the pursuit of enhanced information processing and learning capabilities. This study introduces a novel photonic synaptic transistor (PST) based on crystallized conjugated polymers. Engineered to efficiently respond to standard temporal signals and digital images, this PST mimics the human retina's in-sensor computing mechanism. Developed through low-temperature solvent engineering, the PST optimizes charge carrier mobility and light absorption by finely tuning the polymer's microstructure. In a groundbreaking application, this PST has been used for image classification and Morse code recognition within reservoir computing frameworks. The polymer's microstructure modulation notably enhances the device's short-term and long-term plasticity, synaptic weight update efficiency, and training and recognition accuracy. These advancements underscore the potential of crystallized conjugated polymer-based PSTs to revolutionize next-generation neuromorphic computing systems. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

The chemical environment at interfaces plays an important role in controlling the structure, properties, and performance of low-dimensional materials. The water environment and adsorbates on solid surfaces are the most common interface environments that are prevalent in nonultrahigh vacuum conditions. Despite their ubiquitous presence, the structural and dynamic properties of these surface adsorbates are difficult to be directly characterized in situ at the atomic scale. Here, we report a dissection method leveraging shallow nitrogen-vacancy centers to quantitatively characterize nanoscale adsorbate layers on diamond surfaces with distinct structural and dynamical signatures. Our results reveal that under ambient conditions, a tightly bound organic adsorbate layer and an icelike interfacial water layer coexist on diamond surfaces. We further demonstrate that the rigidity of the interfacial water layer originates from its interaction with specific surface adsorption sites, such as the dangling bonds on the diamond surface. These findings establish new insights for investigating the structure and dynamics of low-dimensional adsorbates, as well as surface properties modulated by adsorbates under native conditions.

Graphene-integrated waveguide polarizers are promising building blocks for mid-infrared integrated photonics, yet simultaneously achieving high extinction ratio, low insertion loss, and compact footprint remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate a graphene-assisted waveguide polarizer based on femtosecond-laser-written 3D waveguides with engineered cross sections. By comparing a conventional rectangular geometry with a tailored triangular geometry, we show that the triangular design significantly enhances polarization-selective modal overlap with graphene. Simulations reveal that the triangular cross section increases both the birefringence and the differential overlap factors between the TM and TE modes, thereby providing a powerful degree of freedom to boost the polarization extinction ratio (PER). Experimentally, the graphene-integrated triangular waveguide polarizer exhibits a high polarization extinction ratio above 18 dB with moderate insertion loss in the mid-infrared region, outperforming the rectangular counterpart. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we develop a semi-analytical model that links the PER to the polarization-dependent graphene-mode overlap and geometry-induced birefringence, yielding a compact scaling law that is in good agreement with both simulations and measurements. Our results establish geometry-engineered graphene-waveguide coupling as an effective strategy for high-performance polarization management and provide general design rules for 2D-material-assisted devices in mid-infrared integrated photonic platforms.

ZnO/ZnAl-LDH composites (ZZA-X, X = 10, 30, 40, 50, 70), with mass ratios of ZnO to ZnAl-LDH to be X: 100, were synthesized via an organic solvent-assisted hydrothermal strategy. The microstructure, specific surface area, photo-electrochemical property and photocatalytic activity of ZZA-X composites varied with ZnO content. Compared with pure ZnO or ZnAl-LDH, ZZA-X composites exhibited significantly enhanced photocatalytic performance. The interfacial contact between ZnO and ZnAl-LDH was optimized at an appropriate ZnO content, while excessive ZnO loading led to agglomeration and reduced contact area, identifying that intimate interface bonding was the key factor for the enhanced photocatalytic activity. The degradation efficiency of ZZA-X composites toward ciprofloxacin (CIP) increased progressively with ZnO content up to the optimum at ZZA-40 and then decreased. This optimal ZZA-40 composite (0.05 g) degraded 99.92% of CIP molecules (100 mL, 20 mg/L) within 120 min under ultraviolet light irradiation, whose reaction rate constant was 5.76 and 7.34 times that of pure ZnO and ZnAl-LDH, respectively. This excellent photocatalytic performance of ZZA-40 was attributed to the intimate interface bonding-induced heterojunction effect, which facilitated the separation and transfer of charges. ZZA-40 also exhibited good structural stability and reusability. Notably, ZZA-40 composite could effectively degrade polystyrene microplastics (PS MPs) and the surface of PS MPs became increasingly rough even produced cracks and fragments as the photocatalytic reaction proceeding. In addition, the possible degradation pathways of PS MPs were elucidated. This work provides a feasible strategy for constructing ZnO/ZnAl-LDH composites with intimate interfacial contact for the efficient degradation of persistent organic pollutants.

Silylboronic esters have proven to be versatile reagents for the chemo-, regio-and stereocontrolled construction of diverse organosilicon frameworks, complementing classical hydrosilane chemistry. Building on the importance of silylboronic esters in the field of transition-metal catalysis, this review surveyed state-of-art advances in transition-metal-catalyzed silylation with silylboronic esters, with particular emphasis on copper-catalyzed methods and other new strategies in stereocontrolled C–Si bond formation, including selective additions to unsaturated C–C (C=C, C≡C) and C–heteroatom (C=X, e.g., C=O, C=N) bonds, as well as cross-coupling variants and related transformations that afford enantioenriched, diastereomerically pure, and geometrically defined (E/Z) organosilanes. Key developments in new catalyst systems and ligand design, together with mechanistic insights, are investigated to demonstrate how Si–B chemistry under transition-metal catalysis has improved stereochemical control, broadened substrate scope, and enhanced synthetic utility.

Two pyrimidoisoindigo-based polymers were synthesized by copolymerizing thiophene-flanked pyrimidoisoindigo (T-PymII) with thiophene (T) or 3,4-difluorothiophene (2FT), and their structure-property correlations were investigated. Although both polymers exhibited ambipolar transport properties, P(PymII-TTT was dominated by hole transport, while P(PymII-T-2FT-T) was dominated by electron transport. Among them, the highest hole mobility up to 1.66×10−2 cm2·V−1·s−1 was observed for P(PymII-TTT), while the highest electron mobility of 6.37×10−3 cm2·V−1·s−1 was observed for P(PymII-T-2FT-T). AFM and GIWAXS analyses revealed that their poor morphology and crystallinity may account for their inferior performance. Therefore, further side-chain engineering is needed to improve the crystallinity of PymII-based polymers.

The increasing demand for flexible displays and wearable electronics has driven extensive efforts to develop stretchable organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). A critical challenge in this field is the creation of emissive layers that combine high efficiency with mechanical robustness. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials have attracted significant attention as third-generation emitters capable of achieving 100

ABSTRACT Developing intrinsically stretchable and healable semiconducting polymers with high charge‐carrier mobility is critical for next‐generation flexible electronics; however, integrating these conflicting functionalities remains a formidable challenge. Here, we report a “quadruple‐hydrogen‐bonds end‐capping” strategy to realize high‐performance stretchable and healable semiconducting polymers. By incorporating quadruple hydrogen‐bonds between end‐capping units linked with alkyl spacers into polymer backbone, we engineer a supramolecular architecture that achieves enhanced crystallinity and improved ordered packing with reduced π‐π stacking distance, and also superior stretchabillity with molecular‐ordering retention during stretching. Moreover, enhanced chain mobility together with dynamic and reversible and hydrogen‐bonding sites in the architecture contribute to efficient healing. Consequently, our designed semiconducting polymer exhibits a more than 2‐fold increase in mobility, while demonstrating stable mobility retention under strain, high mobility recovery after healing, and scalability in fully stretchable transistor arrays. This work provides an effective molecular design strategy for achieving simultaneous improvements in electrical performance, mechanical stretchability, and healing ability in organic electronics.

Stretchable neuromorphic optoelectronics requiring real-time perception and dynamic adaptive processing create tempting opportunities for wearable intelligent vision equipment. Existing bionic vision devices often lack scale-modulus deformable photosensitive materials and exhibit redundant manufacturing for complex structures to integrate optical neurofunctions, highlighting a critical gap in achieving both ductility and multifunctionality. Herein, we propose a defect-tunable viscoelastic photosensitive bulk-heterojunction based on multidimensional-phase-separation-induced micromesh for all-organic intrinsically stretchable neuromorphic visual adaptive transistors. The resultant devices demonstrate maintained high photosensitivity and multimodal broad-wavelength photoadaptation even under 100% biaxial mechanical strain. Notably, a record-ultrafast adaptive time down to 0.4 s is achieved by the all-organic intrinsically stretchable visual adaptive transistors, allowing a high energy-saving ratio of 88.4%. Moreover, a low paired-pulse depression index down to 44.37% is also accomplished, exhibiting the ability of abnormal discharges reduction and normal neural network function restore. The superior bionic visual adaptive systems allowing detailed time-varying intelligent information conversion, can realize highly misleading encrypted wireless optical communications. Furthermore, contrast vision-adaptive pixels are successfully constructed to avoid element absence for advanced driving assistance systems simulation in extreme environments. This technology promises to advance skin-like neuromorphic vision systems for applications including visual cryptography, bioinspired robots and unmanned intelligence.

Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond enable Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy from picoliter-scale samples, providing a route toward volume-limited magnetic resonance measurements. However, achieving high spectral resolution in a compact integrated spectrometer remains challenging, particularly under ambient magnetic noise. Here, we present an integrated NV-NMR spectrometer based on a compact multilayer architecture that combines a diamond sensor, an ultrathin Printed Circuit Board antenna, a sealed liquid-sample chamber, and a custom permanent magnet. In this sealed-chamber configuration, the spectrometer operates with an estimated detection volume on the order of ten picoliters, achieves a magnetic sensitivity of 27 pT/Hz, and uses hyperpolarization to improve NMR signal detectability. The system further incorporates a dual-stabilization scheme based on asynchronous fluxgate monitoring and synchronous optically detected magnetic resonance drift tracking, enabling high-resolution operation under ambient field-induced proton-frequency shifts of up to ±40 Hz. Under ambient conditions, without heavy magnetic shielding or strict temperature control, the spectrometer achieves a proton NMR linewidth of 2.34 ± 0.05 Hz, corresponding to 0.450.01 ppm. These results establish a compact integrated architecture for high-resolution picoliter NMR under nonideal laboratory magnetic environments.

Magnetic exchange interactions and their induced magnetic structures are crucial factors in determining magnetization switching. Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (DMI) is an asymmetric exchange interaction arising from spin-orbit coupling and structural inversion symmetry breaking, which is one of the key mechanisms to induce non-collinear magnetic order and chiral magnetic structures, including magnetic Skyrmion, vortex and chiral domain wall. These magnetic structures enable novel information proceeding devices with ultralow power consumption. More importantly, non-collinear magnetic order exhibits richer and more novel physical behaviors than traditional collinear magnetic structures. With ongoing exploration and research into magnetic materials, rare-earth transition metal ferrimagnetic materials such as CoGd, CoTb, and GdFeCo have emerged as notable candidates. These materials combine the spin-orbit coupling of rare-earth elements with the magnetic exchange interactions of transition metals, leading to ultrafast magnetization dynamics, tunable magnetic structures, and rich spin transport phenomena. These properties provide an ideal material platform for studying and manipulating DMI, demonstrating significant potential in designing future high-density magnetic storage and spintronic devices. This review systematically elucidates the microscopic physical origin of DMI, outlines the fundamental characteristics of rare-earth transition metal ferrimagnetic materials, and explores the coupling mechanisms between DMI and ferrimagnetic order. We introduce the fundamental properties of RE-TM systems and their applications in spin logic devices and magnetic memory devices. We focus on discussing the physical phenomena related to DMI in RE-TM systems, including the scaling relationship of DMI in RE-TM, DMI-related spin-orbit torque effects, and the principles and applications of skyrmion-based devices, which will provide both theoretical foundations and technical guidance for the future development of advanced spintronic technologies.

The development of van der Waals (vdW) ferromagnetic materials has triggered research toward low-power and highly integrated 2D spintronic devices. However, practical applications are hindered by limited Curie temperature (Tc), insufficient tunability of magnetic anisotropy, and scalability challenges. Here, wafer-scale vdW ferromagnetic Fe3GaTe2 was fabricated via molecular beam epitaxy. By precisely intralayer interstitial doping, the Tc of Fe3GaTe2 can be significantly enhanced from similar to 380 to similar to 590 K. 4D scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) provides direct atomic-scale evidence for the formation of new intralayer Fe configurations. Meanwhile, this approach enables flexible manipulation of magnetic anisotropy, transitioning from perpendicular to in-plane magnetic anisotropy with the effective magnetic anisotropy constant (Keff) tuned from 0.57 to -2.099 J/cm3. This transition in magnetic anisotropy is attributed to the reduction of magnetocrystalline anisotropy, resulting from the weakened Fe 3d orbital moments, as confirmed by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Theoretical analysis suggests that the extra intralayer Fe atoms contribute additional magnetic moments and enhanced exchange coupling, resulting in an increased Tc. Our findings pave a new pathway toward 2D magnetic materials with high Tc and tailored magnetic anisotropy, providing a scalable approach for room-temperature application of vdW spintronic devices.

Organic semiconductors have long spin lifetimes supporting non‐tunneling spin transport at room temperature, providing a window to control spin transport and enable charge‐spin co‐processing. Programmable diversity in backbones and side chains expands the design space for tuning structure‐transport relationships, yet links between structure and spin transport remain less explored than for charge transport. Focusing on repeat‐unit sequence effects on spin transport, a nonmonotonic dependence where intermediate sequence order optimizes π–π packing by balancing long‐range coherence and chain flexibility, maximizing spin‐transport efficiency is revealed. The three‐component regioregular copolymer tightens π–π spacing to 3.48 Å and extends coherence, yielding mobility 0.43 cm 2 V −1 s −1 and an on/off ratio near 6 × 10 6 . Stronger cohesion in a bicomponent alternating species flattens the backbone yet widens d π and shortens coherence; frontier levels and dihedral angles support this microstructural origin of lower mobility. Electron paramagnetic resonance gives a T1 of 101 ns for the alternating copolymer; spin valves show >8% room‐temperature non‐tunneling magnetoresistance ratio, ≈200% above bicomponent alternating species. This non‐monotonic design rule provides a synthesis strategy to extend spin lifetimes and spin diffusion length, thereby advancing conjugated polymers for applications in logic, memory, sensing, and wearable systems.

Stretchable synaptic transistors show great promise in mimicking brain activities in soft robotics and skin electronics applications. However, the fabrication of such device arrays on elastic substrates with high stability, throughput, and yield remains challenging. Here, we have developed an approach to fabricate stretchable synaptic transistors directly on elastic substrates, in which carbon nanotubes and SU-8 are used as channel and dielectric, respectively. This method employs a fully photolithography-based microfabrication process that operates at relatively low temperatures. The devices exhibit an average on-off ratio of 2 × 106 and show minimal degradation when stretched up to 40%. Single-pulse, paired-pulse, and repetitive-pulse responses are also demonstrated, showing their ability to work as artificial synapses. The devices exhibit a high linearity of ≤1 with 100 distinct conductance states in long-term plasticity and a dynamic range of 15. Furthermore, we conducted a handwritten digit recognition simulation, achieving a learning accuracy of over 90%. We believe our work can serve as a guide for developing high-performance stretchable synaptic devices for various applications.

Stretchable polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs) hold promises for skin‐like wearable displays, yet simultaneously achieving high stretchability, efficient luminescence performance, and facile integration remains challenging. Here, a novel strategy introducing microcrystalline elastomer into light‐emitting polymer matrices to fabricate intrinsically stretchable PLEDs that meet all these characteristics is presented. This approach enables the formation of submicron optical self‐gain structures in light‐emitting polymers and the structures confine polymers to form a nanofiber morphology through spatial nanoconfinement effects, which improves polymer crystallinity, facilitates carrier transport, and enhances light outcoupling efficiency through increased reflection and scattering. Leveraging these characteristics, the intrinsically stretchable PLEDs achieved a current efficiency (CE) of 13.70 cd A −1 , an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4.70%, a low turn‐on voltage of 3.70 V and a luminance of 32 013 cd m − 2 at 9 V. Additionally, 12 × 12 intrinsically stretchable PLED arrays are fabricated by electrohydrodynamic printing, which exhibit excellent photoelectric stability under tensile and bending strain. This approach holds significant potential for high‐performance stretchable and wearable displays.

Stretchable synaptic transistors are promising candidates for brain-inspired neuromorphic systems in soft robotics and wearable electronics, where temperature perception and low-power operation are critical for biological fidelity and energy efficiency. However, the interplay between mechanical strain, temperature perception, and synaptic properties remains underexplored in such devices. Here, we report a high-density, temperature-modulated stretchable synaptic transistor (TM-SST) array fabricated via a photolithography-based, transfer-free process, integrating a semiconductor carbon nanotube (s-CNT) network channel and an SU-8 dielectric layer. The devices exhibit a high on-off ratio (∼105) at a low gate voltage (Vgs) between ±2.5 V and a drain-to-source voltage (Vds) of -0.1 V. Importantly, the devices exhibit temperature-dependent synaptic characteristics across 10-40 °C, with effective modulation of postsynaptic current (PSC), plasticity, memory retention, and paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), while maintaining stable performance under 40% strain. Furthermore, temperature modulation enhances neuromorphic performance: a 15 °C cooling improves memory retention in associative learning from seconds to minutes, while simulations show accelerated learning with a 10× dynamic range. This work advances stretchable synaptic devices by enabling temperature perception to enhance neuromorphic functionality.

Beyond its role in cultural communication, printing technology has emerged as one of the most important approaches to distributing and patterning functional materials for advanced manufacturing. In a printing process, a stamp is employed to transfer functional inks to a target surface, generating a specific pattern that exactly replicates the stamp. Through precise manipulation of different inkdrops, herein, a "one stamp, diverse patterns" printing strategy is developed and achieves deposition of varied patterns utilizing a single stamp. This stamp features patterned surface energy, achieved through regioselective energy injection treatment of an ultralow surface energy solid. It is revealed that inks with different surface tensions can selectively exhibit Cassie or Wenzel state on the stamp to generate diverse ink distributions, which enables the printing of distinct patterns on target surfaces. Leveraging this approach, flexible light-emitting devices and high-density transistor array are successfully printed using single stamps. These findings advance the understanding of finely tuning and patterning surface energy for precise liquid manipulation and offer a leap forward in efficient and versatile printing methodology that will boost the innovative integration of functional materials in a simplified manner.

Identification of individual cells within heterogeneous populations is essential for biomedical research and clinical diagnostics. Conventional labeling-based sorting methods, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting and magnetic-activated cell sorting, enable precise sorting when reliable markers are available. However, their applicability is limited in cells lacking defined markers or sensitive to labeling, as labeling can compromise cellular viability and function. We present a single-cell identification approach using quantum-enhanced NMR with diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers for label-free detection of intracellular proton (^1H) signals. Using this method, we distinguish two human tumor cell lines by their proton spin-lattice (T_1) relaxation times, which serve as a cell-intrinsic physicochemical signature. It lays the groundwork for label-free sorting applications in rare cell analysis, personalized medicine, and single-cell diagnostics.