The kinematics of rock glaciers is a key indicator for studying periglacial environment hydrology, climate, and disasters. The interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique has been demonstrated to be an effective technique for detecting the deformation of rock glaciers. In this study, we present an investigation of the potential of the LuTan-1 synthetic aperture radar (LT-1 SAR) constellation for rock glacier topography mapping and deformation monitoring over a periglacial environment. First, a refined rock glacier inventory is derived from using high-resolution Gaofen-2 and Gaofen-7 optical images and has obtained 751 rock glaciers. In addition, a high-resolution digital surface model (DSM) is generated by the bistatic formation data of the LT-1 SAR constellation, which provides new detailed data for analyzing the topography characteristics of rock glacier. Then, the deformation velocities of the rock glaciers acquired from the Stacking-InSAR method and the moving area of the recognized rock glaciers are determined. The deformation characteristics of typical active rock glaciers are analyzed and compared with the results acquired by the Sentinel-1 data. The results show that the LT-1 SAR constellation with bistatic mode can generate high-precision DSM, with a root-mean-square error of 1.6 m compared to geoscience laser altimeter system points elevation product. The LuTan-1 (LT-1) satellite successfully detected the activity of rock glaciers and captured more detailed spatial deformation characteristics compared to medium-resolution SAR data. The results demonstrated that LT-1 could provide a new and powerful SAR data source for rock glacier deformation monitoring and will greatly enhance the level of periglacial landform monitoring.

Quality assessment of satellite remote sensing image compression is of great significance during the process of onboard image compression design. When satellite image utilized for stereo mapping, comprehensive assessment of image compression effect on image fidelity preservation in terms of gray character and the practical mapping application is vital for utilizing very high resolution remote sensing imagery for surveying and mapping in supporting the natural resource management. In this research, experiments have been carried out in order to examine the compression effects of stereo panchromatic images with 0.7m resolution on mapping application with compression ratio less than 4:1, which was commonly adopted for high resolution stereo image onboard compression in order to preserve high image quality as well as high geometric accuracy simultaneous for large scale surveying and mapping applications. The site study with a variety of topography including mountain, valley, flat area, etc, was chosen to make a comprehensive evaluation of the effect of high resolution stereo image compression on large scale mapping in depth. The 0.7m resolution stereo images were compressed with JPEG-LS method fulfilled with hardware, which is mostly adopted in China’s high resolution optical stereo mapping satellites onboard compression. The result showed that with compression ratio 4:1, effects of sub-meter stereo image compression can be accepted for large scale mapping application, which would be used to instruct the onboard image compression design of GF-7 satellite. Compared with the effects of image compression on ZY-3 satellite optical stereo images with 2.1m resolution, the effect of image compression on DSM generation of different topography shows similar trend but with different magnitude, that is relatively more impact was caused in terms of RMSE of DSM generation in images areas with big altitude variation, Further investigation of the effects of image compression is needed in order to validate the onboard image compression effects on centimeter resolution stereo images for the final mapping application.

The Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon Inventory Satellite(TECIS)is China's first remote sensing satellite with space-borne LiDAR as the main payload,which aims at quantitatively monitoring terrestrial ecosystem carbon storage,forest resources,and forest productivity;serving the goals of"carbon peaking and carbon neutrality";and monitoring and evaluating major projects for the protection and restoration of important ecosystems in China.In this study,the Relative Height metrics RHn(where n ranges from 0 to 100),which is calculated by the full-waveform energy distribution,was used to evaluate the ability of characterizing forest canopy height for the full-waveform data of the full-waveform LiDAR onboard TECIS.The ability in canopy height estimation between fixed and variable gain waveform data was compared.Moreover,the influence of slope on canopy height extraction was analyzed.Six tracks of L2 products from TECIS full-waveform LiDAR passing the test area of a temperate coniferous-broadleaved mixed forest in Quebec,Canada were selected for analysis.Results show that the select of starting RH metrics for estimating forest canopy height significantly affects the accuracy of the results.Specifically,employing a lower RH metric tends to overestimate canopy height,whereas a higher RH metric results in an underestimation.In addition,the background noise threshold also has a certain influence on the accuracy of canopy height estimation.The Root Mean Square Error(RMSE)for forest canopy height can reach up to 3.58 meters,whereas the Median Error(ME)improves to less than 1.0 meter,and the Mean Absolute Error(MAE)is recorded at 2.48 meters after removing several anomalous laser points.Furthermore,in comparison to the final peak position derived from waveform decomposition,the RH5 metric demonstrates its superiority as a baseline for estimating canopy height,exhibiting reduced sensitivity in inversion accuracy to variations in terrain slope.The accuracy of canopy height retrieval using variable and fixed gain waveform data is comparable.The configuration of variable and fixed gains is beneficial for enhancing data effectiveness in forest areas.The conclusions drawn from this analysis will significantly aid in the application of the laser altimetry data from TECIS for canopy height mapping and biomass estimation in forests.

Large gradient subsidence induced by coal mining generally results in limited applicability of interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique, and even fails to obtain complete and reliable deformation details for mining area. To solve this problem, the LuTan-1 SAR data with L-band and high spatial temporal resolution were employed for coal mining area deformation monitoring. In order to provide feasible technical solutions for monitoring large gradient deformation in mining areas, the research focus on the application capability analysis of LuTan-1 SAR data to monitor large gradient deformation in typical mining areas. Time series LuTan-1 SAR data of Shanxi Datong mining area from January to May 2023 were obtained. In combination with precise and high-timeliness DEM obtained from the Lutan-1 bistatic formation data, time-series deformation of the mining area was derived based on the InSAR technique. Through the qualitative and quantitative analysis and evaluation with the Sentinel-1 data monitoring results and leveling measurements, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) From January to May 2023, there are four obvious subsidence basins within the monitoring area, and the maximum subsidence reach to −4.1m within four months, which show a typical large gradient deformation feature; (2) The complete deformation details of the mining area was obtained based on the multi-temporal LuTan-1 SAR data. The monitoring results obtained by Sentinel-1 data in the same period presented obvious decoherence phenomenon, and only the subsidence basin margin deformation details was obtained. (3) Combined with the synchronous levelling measurements results of the mining area, the LuTan-1 time series deformation monitoring accuracy is better than 40mm, and the maximum relative error is better than 4%. For the large gradient deformation monitoring of mining area, the complete and reliable subsidence information can be obtained by using multi-temporal LuTan-1 SAR data, which provides effective technical support for the mining subsidence law research and the safety monitoring of mining area.

LuTan-1 (LT-1) is the first civil L-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellite constellation and comprises two identical satellites. LT-1 is designed to fulfill two main requirements, one of which the main tasks is to provide digital surface model (DSM) products covering the areas that are not available using optical satellites. The second task is to provide deformation products to support the geohazard monitoring task. For the first task, LT-1 provides a novel noninterrupted imaging technology to facilitate phase synchronization. For the second task, the orbit maintenance is implemented using a newly proposed in-plane offset semimajor axis and out-of-plane control triggered strategy. Besides, we provide the system performance analysis for the two main tasks. Finally, the first results are produced with root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of the DSM less than 0.7 m in the flat region and 6.7 m in the mountainous region. The RMSE of the first deformation products is less than 2.7 mm in the test region. The results indicate a favorable potential for terrain mapping and deformation monitoring applications.

In cold mountain environments, rock glaciers and talus represent common periglacial landforms. Accurate monitoring of their activity is crucial for understanding alpine kinematics. Presently, spaceborne SAR satellites monitor periglacial landform deformations mainly utilizing medium-resolution data. However, capturing surface structure deformations accurately and comprehending the movement mechanisms remain challenging. This study employs high-resolution GF-7 optical stereo images and Radarsat-2 SAR data, introducing a multibaseline persistent scatterer and distributed scatterer combined multitemporal InSAR (MT-InSAR) method to identify rock glaciers and talus landforms, as well as to analyze their deformations. Initially, rock glaciers and talus are outlined using GF-7 optical images, and digital surface models are extracted. The developed MT-InSAR method then detects the line of sight and slope-parallel deformations of these landforms. Radarsat-2 monitoring reveals that 47.5% of identified rock glaciers are classified as active, while talus deformations are less active compared to rock glaciers. By utilizing high-resolution optical and SAR satellite data, we first documented the intricate deformation features within standard rock glaciers, such as the front, lateral margins, and optionally ridge-and-furrow deformations, as well as their interaction with the surrounding terrain topography. This discovery offers evidence of gravity-driven forces impacting rock glacier movement. We have also conducted a deformation analysis of the talus, obtaining spatial deformation characteristics of typical talus. It was observed that the deformation of the talus is jointly influenced by the conditions of surface debris cover and the slope of the terrain. This study highlights the value of high-resolution optical and SAR satellites in studying periglacial geomorphology dynamics.

Periglacial Talus, a type of landform characterized by the accumulation of rock debris at the base of alpine rock walls, are numerous worldwide and extensively distributed in the periglacial environments of the Tibetan Plateau. Climate warming significantly impacts rockwall–talus systems through frost action, permafrost changes, and deglaciation dynamics, affecting mountain hazards and hydrology of permafrost environment. The new lunched SAR satellite constellation Lutan-1 A/B (LT-1 A/B) present a novel opportunity to assess the deformation of periglacial talus. In this study, we firstly employ high-resolution GF-2 optical images to identify periglacial talus landforms in the high-risk geological hazard zone of the northeastern Himalayas. We then use LT-1 A/B SAR data with a refined stacking approach to rapidly detect and analyze deformations in these talus formations. We identified a total of 148 periglacial talus landforms. By utilizing LT-1 SAR data, we successfully detected deformations in these talus formations. The results reveal that the line-of-sight (LOS) deformation velocity of talus in the study area is lower than other periglacial landform such as rock glacier, some of the talus showing noticeable movement within their outlines. The results of this study demonstrate the capability of Stacking InSAR technology to rapidly identify deformation anomalies in areas prone to landslide hazards, and highlight the value of LT-1 SAR satellites in examining the dynamics of periglacial talus geomorphology.

L波段差分干涉SAR卫星(陆探一号,LT-1)是我国第1组以干涉为核心任务的L频段全极化民用SAR卫星星座,LT-1由1型2星组成,利用差分形变测量技术完成指定区域的形变监测任务.本文综合研究了我国形变监测需求以及卫星观测能力,提出了基础形变产品的3个层次.第1层次为形变场产品,是使用同一地区两景检校的单视复数(single look complex,SLC)影像进行差分干涉生产的.第2层次为形变速率场产品,是使用同一地区多景检校的SLC影像,通过对其形变场产品进行加权堆叠生产的.第3层次为形变时序产品,是使用同一地区多景检校产品,通过时序建模生产的.本文以覆盖山西省大同市云冈区的Sentinel-1数据为例,对形变产品进行了研究分析,并对产品的特性和结果进行了初步说明.本文提出的形变产品体系能够为产品的业务化生产提供参考.

Satellite laser altimetry technology,with its ability to acquire highly accurate vertical distribution information,possesses unique advantages in the field of Earth observation.Currently,different satellite laser altimetry systems are operating in orbit both domestically and internationally.In recent years,China has launched the GF-7 satellite and ZY3-03 satellite,both equipped with laser altimetry systems,which are primarily employed for acquiring global laser elevation control points.With the steady operation of these satellites in orbit and the continuous acquisition of laser altimetry data,China has,for the first time,formed related data products in the field of laser altimetry,called Satellite Laser Altimetry standard(SLA03)data products for natural resources.To better understand the accuracy level of the products and guide the subsequent application and optimization,a comprehensive accuracy evaluation must be conducted.Based on the high-accurate airborne LiDAR data gathered in plain areas and mountainous regions with forests,thousands of laser points are collected to comprehensively evaluate the terrain height accuracy of the SLA03 data products for natural resources in this paper.After coordinate transformation and data conversion,the SLA03 data and reference data are unified into the same coordinate framework.Then,taking the size of the laser ground spot into consideration,the reference terrain elevations are obtained based on the points classified as ground from the LiDAR data.Multiple accuracy metrics,including overall bias,Mean Absolute Error(MAE),Root Mean Square Error(RMSE),and 90th percentile Linear Error(LE90),are utilized for elevation accuracy assessment.Results show that,after eliminating the laser points located at tree canopies or buildings using a proper threshold,the height accuracy of the SLA03 data products from the GF-7 satellite is 0.653 m in RMSE and 1.055 m in LE90 in plain areas,with over 60％under 0.3 m,but decreases to 1.210 m(RMSE)and 2.002 m(LE90)in mountainous regions with forests.The accuracy of the SLA03 data products from the ZY3-03 satellite is 1.312 m(RMSE)and 2.389 m(LE90)in plain areas with more than 50％under 0.5 m,while in the mountainous regions with forests,it declines to 1.661 m(RMSE)and 2.999 m(LE90).The potential for elevation control points in the plains is above 60％for both the GF-7 and ZY3-03 satellites,but additional screening is required before use.The elevation accuracy of SLA03 products from the GF-7 satellite is obviously affected by seasonal factors,which are mainly caused by vegetation growth.Meanwhile,the elevation accuracy of SLA03 products from the ZY3-03 satellite is inferior to that of the GF-7 satellite,hindering the former satellite from effectively distinguishing the impact of seasonal changes in vegetation.The relevant conclusions will guide the effective application of SLA03 products and provide support for the design and parameter argumentation of subsequent satellite laser altimetry systems.

Rock glaciers are typical periglacial landforms with tongue or lobate morphological shapes and characterized by the distinct front, lateral margins, and often by ridge-and-furrow surface topography textures as well as kinematic characteristics, widely distributed in alpine environments. Multitemporal Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (MT-InSAR), is a remote sensing technique with demonstrated effectiveness for detecting landform kinematics. However, its application to rock glaciers is challenged by temporal decorrelation and atmospheric phase noises due to complex topography and snow cover. We designed a quadtree segmentation and parallel computing-based MT-InSAR method to improve the quality and efficiency of deformation measurement of rock glaciers. We applied the method to a rock glacier inventory of the Nyainqêntanglha Range, China, derived from high-resolution Gaofen-2 images, to quantify the activity rate of each rock glacier. Results showed that 32.1% (6,389) of the identified rock glaciers exhibited slope-parallel deformation rates exceeding 100 mm/y. The activities of the rock glaciers exhibited strong correlations with their distance to glaciers, precipitation, freeze–thaw magnitude, and permafrost occurrence probability. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed segmentation-parallel MT-InSAR method for monitoring rock glacier deformation over a large region.

On-orbit geometric calibration without field site is a key problem for future multi-beam laser altimetry satellites. In view of the linear system full waveform laser altimeter loaded on the GF-7 satellite, a non-field step by step calibration method based on terrain and waveform matching is proposed. Based on the analysis of the characteristics of the GF-7 satellite laser altimeter, a rigorous geometric positioning model is constructed. The field-free on orbit geometric calibration test is carried out by using the open topographic reference data and the basic geographic information of DOM and LiDAR DSM in a certain area, which has greatly improved the accuracy of the laser altimetry data. With this method, during the first half of 2020, the calibration parameter configuration and data processing of GF-7 satellite laser altimeter was not affected, even the field calibration can't be implemented due to the negative impact of the COVID-19. The accuracy is compared with the field calibration results after the COVID-19, and the results show that the plane error of the non-field calibration is 11.597±3.693 m and the minimum value is 7.115 m. The elevation accuracy of flat area is better than 0.3 m, although it is slightly lower than the results of field calibration, it can basically meet the requirements of 1∶10 000 elevation control points.

在浅水测深技术中,星载激光测量系统可以覆盖一些机载/舰载系统难以到达的偏远水域,具有比被动光学影像水深测量精度更高、可全天时工作等独特的优势.以稀疏而少量的主动星载激光测量值为水深标定点,融合被动星载遥感影像,主被动融合的浅水测深是当前的趋势.本文首先介绍了星载单光子激光雷达的工作范围、物理参数和数据产品,概述了测量原理,综述了现有的星载单光子激光雷达测深的理论传输模型,对比了不同的点云数据去噪处理算法的优劣,归纳了星载融合测深反演技术在不同环境中的应用,总结了当前存在的问题,并对该技术未来的前景和发展方向进行了展望.

The GF-7 satellite is China's first civil sub-meter resolution stereo mapping satellite, aiming at 1:10,000-scale mapping. To achieve this goal, apart from the stereo optical cameras that reach sub-meter resolution, the GF-7 satellite is equipped with a laser altimetry system capable of obtaining three-dimensional laser points (LPs) with high elevation accuracy. However, the combination of laser altimetry data and optical stereo images has not been thoroughly studied. In this paper, we exploit the images recorded by the highly integrated laser footprint cameras and propose a hierarchical phase correlation method based on a geographic pyramid for the registration of laser altimetry data and high-resolution optical stereo images, which lays a solid foundation for the following combined adjustment. Experiments show that the proposed registration method can automatically locate the LPs on high-resolution stereo images and meet the requirements of bundle adjustment. A series of bundle adjustment experiments were carried out, showing that laser altimetry data can significantly enhance the vertical accuracy of optical image stereo mapping and that elevation accuracy can reach roughly 1.0 m (RSME) without ground control points. Therefore, this study could be a good guide for global high-precision DSM acquisition with the GF-7 satellite.

资源三号03星是自然资源部主持建造的用于1 ∶ 50000立体测图的陆地遥感业务卫星,该星装备了业务化的激光测高仪,主要用于获取高精度高程控制点.论文针对资源三号03星激光测高数据,研究了标准化测绘处理流程和高程控制点提取方法,在内蒙古苏尼特右旗和江苏苏州开展了精度验证,并选择黑龙江和河北两个实验区开展了复合测绘应用验证.精度验证结果表明,资源三号03星激光点在内蒙古苏尼特右旗平坦区域高程精度为(0.051±0.232)m,在江苏苏州城市建成区的激光点总体精度为(0.414±6.213)m,经高程控制点提取和质量标记后的激光点高程误差为(-0.526±0.624)m,能满足1 ∶ 50 000测图高程控制需求.复合测绘应用表明,利用资源三号03星激光高程控制点,立体影像高程精度在黑龙江平坦地区能从5.27 m提高到2.58 m,河北太行山区能从11.25 m提高到4.45 m;无论是平地还是山区,资源三号03星激光高程控制点均能有效提高立体影像的高程精度并满足1 ∶ 50 000测图需求.

Lutan-l (LT-1) is the first Chinese SAR satellite constellation that provide continuous deformation images covering the whole China. Three deformation products are designed to conduct the geohazard monitoring tasks. The first is DInSAR deformation field product which can be used for general geohazards investigation. The second is stacking deformation velocity field that can be used for geohazards screening. The third is deformation time-series obtained from multi-temporal InSAR and is specially designed for the continuous deformation regions to discover the deformation rules in temporal domain. In this paper, the LT-1 key features for deformation monitoring are provided. Product examples are shown with the Setninel-1A SAR images covering Datong City, Shanxi province. The three deformation products are expected to be used for geohazard monitoring in China.

新型星载光子计数雷达可获取地面及地面目标的高精度三维信息,但是其测量精度受噪声影响较大.针对在背景噪声不一致及坡度较大区域自动化提取单光子激光数据信号较为困难的难题,文中提出基于多特征自适应的单光子点云去噪算法,有别于传统圆形或椭圆形滤波核,选择更加符合单光子点云数据特征的平行四边形滤波核,分别通过坡度、空间密度、噪声率等多特征自适应识别信号.选择位于青藏高原冰川区域坡度较大且地形破碎的ICESat-2单光子点云数据,开展点云去噪试验和验证,通过与ATL03、ATL08官方去噪结果对比,文中算法在背景噪声水平不一致和大坡度区域具有更优的性能.

The Gaofen-7 (GF-7) satellite uses a two-beam laser altimetry system in which each beam is equipped with a laser footprint camera (LFC) to provide geometric processing of the laser footprint images that assist in optical image stereo mapping. Because of the violent vibrations during launch and the difference in the environment before and after entering orbit, the key parameters for geometric processing of the laser footprint images may change, which will cause large geolocation errors. Therefore, it is essential to carry out on-orbit calibration and validation for the laser footprint cameras. This study first constructs a rigorous geometric positioning model for the LFC of the GF-7 satellite and analyses various error sources that affect the geometric positioning accuracy of laser footprint images. Then, a comprehensive calibration method, which effectively eliminates the distortion of the LFC optical system, and the positioning error caused by the long-period jitter of the satellite platform, is proposed based on the multi-scene images combined with image simulation. The proposed method can effectively eliminate various errors that affect the geometric positioning accuracy of the GF-7 laser footprint image. The internal geometric positioning accuracy of the calibrated LFC is better than 0.7 pixels, and the absolute geometric positioning accuracy is within 6.0 m after using precise post-processing orbital and attitude data. Our study will contribute to the processing and application of laser altimetry data from the GF-7 satellite.

高分七号卫星搭载了我国首个具备全波形记录能力的对地观测激光测高仪,可以大范围地获取高精度三维坐标,其定位精度高度依赖于激光指向角的测量精度.针对数据特点,提出了一种阈值约束的椭圆拟合光斑质心提取算法,并建立了长周期指向角稳定性监测与分析系统.首先,用阈值法确定激光光斑轮廓的边缘;其次,通过腐蚀操作消除孔隙、噪声的影响;然后,通过椭圆拟合进一步约束激光光斑的形状,保留光斑的特征参数;最后,通过灰度重心法提取质心坐标.实验结果表明:光斑的质心位置在1.4 pixel内变化,对应的指向角度每月在0.434"内变化,较为稳定.文中相关算法、结论对我国后续激光测高卫星研制、指向稳度监测具有一定的借鉴意义.

GF-7 satellite is equipped with the first full waveform laser altimeter of China for earth observation, which is mainly used to obtain sparse elevation control points on the ground, and ultimately improve the stereo mapping accuracy of stereo images without ground control points. The laser altimetry standardization processing of GF-7 satellite is the key step of surveying and mapping application, and the generated laser altimetry standard products are the important premise of subsequent distribution and application. Based on the GF-7 satellite laser altimetry data, this paper studies the method of laser altimetry data processing, and preliminarily validates the geometric accuracy of laser altimetry standard products. Three regions are selected to validate the accuracy of GF-7 satellite laser altimetry standard products, which contain the domestic geometric calibration area, Huayin of Shaanxi province, North Rhine-Westphalia of Germany. The results show that the planimetric accuracy of laser altimetry standard products SLA03 in calibration area is (3.896±1.029)m and (3.286±0.337)m, and elevation accuracy is (0.018±0.099)m,(-0.017±0.096)m in respectively for the two-beam lasers. Moreover, the elevation control point quality control parameter ECP_Flag can effectively identify the laser points that can be used for elevation control. The overall accuracy of Shaanxi Huayin area is (-0.113±2.519)m and (0.191±1.071)m, respectively for the two beams. The elevation accuracy of laser points marked with ECP_Flag=1 is (0.111±0.152)m and (-0.064±0.115)m. The overall accuracy of Norwich in Germany is (-0.897±5.485)m and (-0.202 ±6.207)m, and the elevation accuracy of laser points marked with ECP_Flag=1 is (-0.304±0.190)m and (-0.279±0.220)m, respectively for the two beams. At present, the laser altimetry standard products of GF-7 satellite have been daily produced in the Land Satellite Application Center of the Ministry of Natural Resources.

Distributed scatterers (DSs) have been widely used in the time series interferometric synthetic aperture radar technique, which compensates for the insufficient density of persistent scatterers (PSs) in nonurban areas. In contrast to PS, DS is vulnerable to temporal and geometric decorrelation effects. Thus, phase optimization processing for DS is essential for reliable deformation parameter estimation. Advanced research has revealed that the application of all possible interferometric pairs will be more conducive to the reduction in phase biases. However, the low-coherence pixels will inevitably increase the difficulty of phase optimization and introduce unpredictable negative effects, which will reduce the effect of phase optimization. Therefore, this study proposed an advanced adaptive weighted phase optimization algorithm (AWPOA). In the AWPOA, the adaptive weighting strategy based on the sigmoid model was first proposed to assign more reasonable weights to pixels of different quality, which can efficiently reduce the negative influence of low-coherence pixels and improve the optimization performance. Moreover, coherence bias correction based on the second-kind statistics and an efficient solution strategy based on eigenvalue decomposition were derived and applied to achieve optimal phase series retrieval. The experimental results validated against both simulated and two sets of TerraSAR-X data demonstrated the overall superiority of the AWPOA over traditional phase optimization algorithms (POAs). Specifically, the processing efficiency of the eigenvalue decomposition solution strategy used in AWPOA was nearly 20 times faster than that of the PTA iterative solution strategy under the case without bias correction. Although bias correction increased the processing time, the optimization effect was significantly improved. Moreover, in terms of the quantitative evaluation indexes with the residual and the sum of the phase difference, the mean value of the improvement percentage of the AWPOA was increased by more than 12%, and the standard deviation was reduced by more than 1% over the traditional POAs, indicating its superior optimization performance and noise robustness.