Epilepsy and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy in a mouse model of human SCN1B-linked developmental and epileptic encephalopathy

Voltage-gated sodium channel beta 1 subunits are essential proteins that regulate excitability. They modulate sodium and potassium currents, function as cell adhesion molecules and regulate gene transcription following regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Biallelic pathogenic variants in SCN1B, encoding beta 1, are linked to developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 52, with clinical features overlapping Dravet syndrome. A recessive variant, SCN1B-c.265C>T, predicting SCN1B-p.R89C, was homozygous in two children of a non-consanguineous family. One child was diagnosed with Dravet syndrome, while the other had a milder phenotype. We identified an unrelated biallelic SCN1B-c.265C>T patient with a clinically more severe phenotype than Dravet syndrome. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to knock-in SCN1B-p.R89C to the mouse Scn1b locus (Scn1b(R89/C89)). We then rederived the line on the C57BL/6J background to allow comparisons between Scn1b(R89/R89) and Scn1b(C89/C89) littermates with Scn1b(+/+) and Scn1b(-/-) mice, which are congenic on C57BL/6J, to determine whether the SCN1B-c.265C>T variant results in loss-of-function. Scn1b(C89/C89) mice have normal body weights and similar to 20% premature mortality, compared with severely reduced body weight and 100% mortality in Scn1b(-/-) mice. beta 1-p.R89C polypeptides are expressed in brain at comparable levels to wild type. In heterologous cells, beta 1-p.R89C localizes to the plasma membrane and undergoes regulated intramembrane proteolysis similar to wild type. Heterologous expression of beta 1-p.R89C results in sodium channel alpha subunit subtype specific effects on sodium current. mRNA abundance of Scn2a, Scn3a, Scn5a and Scn1b was increased in Scn1b(C89/C89) somatosensory cortex, with no changes in Scn1a. In contrast, Scn1b(-/-) mouse somatosensory cortex is haploinsufficient for Scn1a, suggesting an additive mechanism for the severity of the null model via disrupted regulation of another Dravet syndrome gene. Scn1b(C89/C89) mice are more susceptible to hyperthermia-induced seizures at post-natal Day 15 compared with Scn1b(R89/R89) littermates. EEG recordings detected epileptic discharges in young adult Scn1b(C89/C89) mice that coincided with convulsive seizures and myoclonic jerks. We compared seizure frequency and duration in a subset of adult Scn1b(C89/C89) mice that had been exposed to hyperthermia at post-natal Day 15 versus a subset that were not hyperthermia exposed. No differences in spontaneous seizures were detected between groups. For both groups, the spontaneous seizure pattern was diurnal, occurring with higher frequency during the dark cycle. This work suggests that the SCN1B-c.265C>T variant does not result in complete loss-of-function. Scn1b(C89/C89) mice more accurately model SCN1B-linked variants with incomplete loss-of-function compared with Scn1b(-/-) mice, which model complete loss-of-function, and thus add to our understanding of disease mechanisms as well as our ability to develop new therapeutic strategies.