Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University (Turkish: Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen Üniversitesi, ICUA) is a public higher educational institution located in Ağrı, Eastern Anatolia in Turkey. It was formerly the Faculty of Education linked to the Atatürk University of Erzurum.In 2007, the facility was developed to a university named Ağrı Dağı University (Turkish for Mount Ararat University). The university was later renamed following a protocol signed between the government and a local businessman and philanthropist İbrahim Çeçen.The university has six faculties, two institutes, five colleges, five vocational schools and five research and application centers.The university is a member of the Caucasus University Association.
Life satisfaction is widely used as a social indicator to direct governmental interventions that target individuals’ quality of life. Issues of dimensionality and equivalent functioning of common measures such as the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) may negatively implicate inferences and decisions derived from those measures. Using a cross-sectional design and a convenience sample of 255 Polish managers (mean age = 48.9 ± 8.2 years, 22.6
This study analyzes the relationship between manufacturing sector dynamics and income inequality in the United States for the period 1965Q1-2019Q4 using the Quantitative Autoregressive Distributed Lag (QARDL) model. Analyses controlled for urbanization, economic growth, and human capital variables revealed results consistent with the inverted U-shaped Kuznets curve. The key finding is that an increase in the manufacturing sector's share of employment (SCₑ) is much more effective and consistent in reducing income inequality than an increase in its share of GDP (SCₘ). For robustness analysis, the ratio of the top 10
This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the phytochemical composition, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities plans aerial parts of Cichorium intybus L. extracts obtained using conventional solvents (dichloromethane, n-hexane, methanol, ethanol) and a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). Antioxidant capacity was assessed through DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging, and Fe3+/Cu2+reducing assays, while antimicrobial potential was evaluated using the microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Chemical profiling of methanol and NADES extracts was performed via UHPLC-Orbitrap®-HRMS/MS, revealing that NADES extraction enriched glucuronidated flavonoids and hydroxycinnamic acids, including luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, quinic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Chemometric approaches (principal component analysis and heatmap clustering) confirmed distinct metabolite enrichment patterns between extracts. To further elucidate biological relevance, bioinformatic analyses (SwissTargetPrediction, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), DisGeNET, and GO enrichment) suggested potential molecular targets and pathways linked to antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Moreover, a machine learning model (Random Forest with leave-one-out cross-validation) combined with Shapley additive explanations (SHAP) identified quinic acid and flavonoid glucuronides as the most predictive determinants of antioxidant capacity, demonstrating > 92
Background/Objectives: Large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT are rapidly being integrated into healthcare for tasks ranging from clinical documentation to diagnostic support. Current ethical discussions focus predominantly on bias, privacy, and accuracy, leaving three critical governance questions unresolved: What kind of knowledge does an LLM output represent in clinical reasoning? When is a clinician's or patient's trust in that output justified? Who bears responsibility when an AI-informed decision leads to patient harm? This study proposes the Epistemic Authority-Trust-Responsibility (ETR) Architecture, a normative conceptual framework that addresses these three questions as an integrated governance challenge. Methods: The framework was developed through normative conceptual analysis-a method that constructs governance proposals by synthesising philosophical principles, ethical theories, and empirical evidence. The literature was identified through structured searches of PubMed, PhilPapers, and EUR-Lex (January 2020-March 2026), drawing on the philosophy of medical knowledge, the ethics of trust and testimony, and the moral philosophy of responsibility. Results: The ETR Architecture produces four outputs: (i) a four-tier classification system that distinguishes LLM outputs-from administrative drafts to clinical evidence claims-and matches each tier to appropriate verification requirements; (ii) the concept of the 'epistemic placebo', formally defined as a governance measure that creates a documented appearance of compliance while lacking at least one operative element of genuine oversight; (iii) a model specifying four conditions under which trust in healthcare AI is justified; (iv) four testable hypotheses with associated research designs connecting governance design to trust calibration and patient safety. Conclusions: The 2025-2027 regulatory transition period offers a critical window for shaping how healthcare institutions govern AI. We argue that deploying LLMs without explicitly classifying their outputs and building appropriate oversight risks allows governance norms to be set by technology vendors rather than by evidence-informed, patient-centred policy.
This review provides an evidence-based overview of procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) practices in emergency department settings, addressing pharmacologic agent selection, monitoring strategies, pediatric- and adult-specific considerations, and current guideline recommendations to support safe and effective PSA across diverse clinical scenarios. Literature published between 2014 and 2024 was reviewed using PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science, with inclusion limited to English-language, full-text human studies of methodological quality and clinical relevance. Ketamine, propofol, midazolam, and fentanyl remain the most commonly used agents, often administered in combination to balance efficacy and adverse effects, while newer agents such as remimazolam, esketamine, and ciprofol are emerging but lack robust evidence in emergency settings. In pediatric populations, noninvasive administration routes and age-appropriate dosing are emphasized, and adherence to guidelines is consistently associated with improved procedural standardization and patient safety. Point-of-care ultrasound has gained increasing prominence in monitoring strategies, complementing established practices. Overall, when guided by appropriate patient selection, careful pharmacologic planning, and adherence to evidence-based protocols, PSA can be safely and effectively performed in emergency care, and the integration of standardized training, clinical guidelines, and novel monitoring tools will be critical for optimizing outcomes across diverse patient populations.
