The continuing emergence of circular economy (CE) research and practice as a critically important concept for the foreseeable future has renewed interest in understanding its theory and practice. In this chapter, we first analyse the evolution of CE research and practice by examining research published over the last decade. We then summarise the key themes emerging from review articles over the past decades. These themes form the basis of a proposed integrative CE research and practice synergy model. We further offer suggestions for future research by proposing critical topics and emerging themes for future research, such as organisational circular economy attitudes, knowledge synthesis and exchange, circular economy practice taxonomy, and circular economy pandemic response. We conclude by offering conceptual perspectives and highlighting key recent developments that will likely impact future practice and should be addressed by scholars.
Chest X-rays are one of the most frequently performed diagnostic tests worldwide, providing rapid and cost effective assessment across a spectrum of patient pathways.There is a relative paucity of evidence supporting chest X-ray reporting by radiographers, especially compared to the substantial evidence base supporting skeletal reporting by radiographers.A study was conducted to establish the accuracy of radiographer chest X-ray reporting and the influence of these reports on clinicians' diagnostic decision-making.Comparable accuracy was found between a cohort of reporting radiographers (n = 11) and consultant radiologists (n = 10) using jack-knife alternate free-response receiver operator characteristic curve (JAFROC) methodology.No difference in the influence of reporting radiographer and consultant radiologist chest X-ray reports on clinicians' diagnosis or diagnostic confidence was found.These results suggest that with appropriate postgraduate education, reporting radiographers are able to interpret chest x-rays at a level comparable to consultant radiologists.Opportunities to redesign patient pathways and streamline care are discussed.
Engineered antibodies currently represent over 40% of biopharmaceuticals in clinical practice, with widespread use for both diagnosis and therapy, especially for oncology and inflammatory diseases. Antibodies are immunoglobulins and circulate in the blood as stable, soluble, mammalian proteins. Antibodies provide unique, specific targeting of disease biomarkers. They are widely used for blood and tissue diagnosis (immunoassay) and as injectable therapeutics can deliver a variety of payloads such as diagnostic radioisotopes or cytotoxic drugs. With many successful therapies approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency, the biotechnology industry is expanding to new medical opportunities. Recombinant antibodies have been reduced in size, rebuilt into multivalent molecules and fused with many molecules including radionuclides, toxins, enzymes, nanoparticles, and viruses. The emergence of recombinant technologies has revolutionized the selection, humanization, and production of antibodies, thereby superseding hybridoma technology and allowing the design of antibody-based reagents with any specificity and for a wide variety of disease applications. This article describes the latest developments in the design, production, and clinical use of recombinant antibodies.
Continuous beams delivered by the LINCE [1] ECR ions source will be bunched by a multi-harmonic buncher in order to be injected into an RFQ. Its numerical design is reported along with electric field maps and beam dynamics studies carried out with the codes TRACK [2] and GPT [3]. First experiments with multi-harmonic bunchers were carried out in 1970s at Argonne National Lab. (ANL) [4] and it is used in the design of modern accelerator facilities e.g FRIB and Spiral 2.
