This article proposes a theoretical solution to the problem of overcoming variable uncertainty in leading indicator calculations using economic data expected by business communities as an example. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in its ability to fill a gap in the technology for processing primary data on business community opinions, which is essential for maximizing the utilization of information relevant for decision making. T he objective of this article is to present the results of solving a model for encapsulating and decapsulating information with uncertain outcomes. The research method was to construct nonlinear paired regression equations for time series of economic, statistical, and sociological information. The conditions of the model with time series of an independent uncertain variable are examined, and verification and quality assessment of the model are discussed. The study was conducted from 1993 to 2025 using the Bank of Russia and the National Research Financial Institute (NIFI) databases. The data sources included the Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange, Investing, and the analytical departments of commercial banks and brokerage firms. The model was built on a continuous sample of forecast data and opinions from participants in the derivatives markets. T he conclusion presents the key results of the model solution, which include a significant increase (by 40%) in the classification accuracy testing for machine learning of the neural network for searching and preprocessing exchange trading data. The advantages of solving a multiple paired regression equation model using a time series of economic indicator values expected by business communities, including a de-encapsulated uncertain variable, are discussed relative to standard solutions of paired regression equations.
Aim. The work aimed to substantiate the concept of applying international experience in legislative establishment of lottery revenue distribution standards in Russian lottery legislation. Objectives. The work seeks to substantiate approaches to analyzing lottery legislation in various jurisdictions in terms of establishment of lottery expense standards; to analyze international experience in legal regulation of lottery expenses based on the proposed approaches; and to identify the legal basis for the formation and distribution of lottery revenue as a set of factors determining lottery revenue distribution standards.Methods. Approaches to a comparative legal analysis of lottery legislation in a representative number of jurisdictions in continental Europe, the United Kingdom, North and South America, and Australia are substantiated in various aspects using general scientific cognition methods.Results. Applying the proposed substantiated approaches to a comparative legal analysis of lottery legislation in various jurisdictions enabled to refine the subject of analysis, namely, to select the laws of states most closely related to Russian lottery legislation, i.e., the laws of federal states belonging to the Romano-Germanic legal family, which are identical to similar Russian legislation in their legislative foundations (conceptual framework, objectives), the established procedure governing the generation and distribution of lottery revenues; and, most importantly, the legal mechanism for establishing lottery revenue distribution standards.Conclusions. The identified factors determining the establishment of lottery revenue distribution standards led to the following concept: the quantitative certainty (normativity) of the lottery revenue distribution structure cannot be reduced to establishing a numerical ratio between its main components, imposed by the dominant objective of financial authorities in a given period. Standards are determined by a system of objectively acting factors and, when established by law, must express in legal form the will of the state, aimed at ensuring that the mechanism for distributing lottery revenues corresponds to the purpose of lottery activities, the type of government structure, the social focus of lotteries, the accountability and auditability of the activities of all participants empowered to organize and conduct lotteries, the stability and predictability of lottery revenue receipts to the budget, and the transparency and legitimacy of state actions at all stages of lottery conducting. The concept presented, as the main idea behind the study of international legislation regulating the distribution of lottery revenues, can serve as an appropriate methodological basis for selecting successful international practices applicable to the Russian Federation.
The subject of the research is the international experience of organizing, conducting and regulating lotteries, as well as the practice of distributing proceeds from them. The relevance of the study is justified by the high popularity of lotteries in the world and the colossal size of the constantly growing annual revenue from their holding, amounting to hundreds of billions of dollars. The purpose of the work is to analyze and systematize foreign experience in the organization and conduct of state lotteries, including the structure of revenue distribution (the size of the prize fund, taxes, targeted deductions) using methods of quantitative and comparative assessment, historical, statistical and causal analysis. The aim of the study is to evaluate the distribution structure of lottery revenue abroad and the possibility of applying foreign experience in relation to current regulations in the Russian Federation. It is concluded that despite the fact that in many countries, in particular, in Germany, there is an effective practice of a systematic approach to the allocation of lottery income to the budget and targeted financing of socially important projects, it is still insufficiently studied and practically not used in our country. According to the author, foreign experience, including German, in the field of lottery business should be taken into account when considering proposals to improve Russian legislation regarding the distribution of lottery revenue.
Target. To identify problems in domestic legal regulation of the formation and distribution of lottery revenues based on a systemic analysis of Russian lottery legislation and propose models for their elimination, based on positive international experience. Tasks. Conduct a norms analysis Federal Law "On Lotteries" of 11.11.2003 No. 138-FZ (hereinafter referred to as the Federal Law of the Russian Federation on Lotteries) and regulatory legal acts adopted in pursuance of this law, primarily in terms of the fundamentals: established goals and conceptual apparatus. To analyze the relationship between the initial regulatory parameters of Russian lottery legislation and the legal regulations governing the formation and distribution of lottery revenues. To propose substantiated: regulatory definitions of the content of basic concepts (revenue from lotteries or lottery income, the structure of lottery income distribution, prize fund, operating expenses, etc.); models of legal regulation that ensure the implementation of the regulatory relationship "the purpose of lotteries — the formation of lottery income — the distribution of lottery income." Methodology. Using general scientific research methods, approaches to analyzing Russian lottery legislation governing the formation and distribution of lottery revenues are substantiated in various aspects as a single regulatory framework, in terms of their internal consistency, sufficiency, and ability to form a coherent legal structure. Results. The article substantiates approaches to the analysis of the legal structure for regulating the conduct of lotteries, enshrined in the lottery legislation of the Russian Federation, the application of which made it possible to identify problems in Russian legislation on lotteries in terms of the fundamentals, namely, significant gaps in the terminological base, the absence of an appropriate, strictly established regulatory link between the purpose of the lottery and the distribution of income from its conduct and, as a consequence, the lack of a unified legal structure for the formation and distribution of lottery revenues, the absence in the law and other regulatory acts adopted in pursuance of the law, a legal mechanism that guarantees the compliance of the structure of the distribution of lottery revenues with the stated purposes of the lottery. The necessity and possibility of applying positive foreign experience are substantiated. The concept of amendments to the law and the wording of specific articles of the law are proposed. Conclusions. An analysis of Russian lottery legislation has led to the conclusion that there are significant gaps in the Russian Law on Lotteries, manifested in the legal uncertainty of the rules governing lottery activities at all its stages, which is unacceptable for a normative act of such a level as a federal law. The justified reason for the identified problems in the legal regulation of lottery activities is determined to be gaps in the foundations of lottery legislation, expressed in the absence in the Federal Law of the Russian Federation on Lotteries, systemically formed basic categories, and as a consequence, the absence of appropriate objects of legal regulation and the impossibility of establishing a legal structure reflecting the organic connection between the purpose of the lottery, the terminological base, and the established procedure for the formation and distribution of lottery income.
This article examines service sectors and their financing through secured and unsecured bank lending. In the world’s leading economies, the service sector accounts for a larger share of the economy than the manufacturing sector. The same applies to employment: service sectors are the largest employers in major modern economies. Therefore, ensuring the competitiveness of service sectors by providing them with financing on acceptable terms is crucial. Such financing can be secured through bank lending, with unsecured lending based on corporate guarantees representing a particularly attractive option for service sectors.
