The Al-Azhar University (/ˈɑːzhɑːr/ AHZ-har; Arabic: جامعة الأزهر (الشريف), IPA: [ˈɡæmʕet elˈʔɑzhɑɾ eʃʃæˈɾiːf], "the University of (the honorable) Al-Azhar") is a public university in Cairo, Egypt. Associated with Al-Azhar Mosque in Islamic Cairo, it is Egypt's oldest degree-granting university – and the world's second oldest degree granting university – and is renowned as the most prestigious university for Islamic learning. In addition to higher education, Al-Azhar oversees a national network of schools with approximately two million students. As of 1996, over 4,000 teaching institutes in Egypt were affiliated with the university.Founded in 970 or 972 by the Fatimid Caliphate as a centre of Islamic learning, its students studied the Qur'an and Islamic law in detail, along with logic, grammar, rhetoric, and how to calculate the phases of the moon. Today it is the chief centre of Arabic literature and Islamic learning in the world. In 1961 additional non-religious subjects were added to its curriculum.Its library is considered second in importance in Egypt only to the Egyptian National Library and Archives. In May 2005, Al-Azhar in partnership with a Dubai information technology enterprise, IT Education Project (ITEP) launched the H.H. Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum project to preserve Al Azhar scripts and publish them online (the "Al-Azhar Online Project") to eventually publish online access to the library's entire rare manuscripts collection, comprising about seven million pages of material.
Bone-seeking aminophosphonate radiopharmaceuticals labeled with 177Lu are widely investigated for skeletal-targeted radionuclide therapy. However, direct comparative human dosimetry of 177Lu–EDTMP and 177Lu–DOTMP under harmonized computational conditions, incorporating bootstrap-based experimental uncertainty analysis, remains limited. Preclinical biodistribution data were extrapolated to humans using organ-mass scaling and processed within a unified voxel-based framework (IDAC-Dose 2.1) employing the ICRP Adult Male reference phantom and ICRP 107 decay data. Deterministic absorbed dose coefficients and organ-specific therapeutic indices were calculated for both compounds using a standardized computational workflow. Uncertainty propagation was implemented using parametric bootstrap resampling (10,000 iterations) based on the reported mean ± SD biodistribution data to quantify variability in absorbed dose estimates. Both compounds demonstrated prolonged skeletal residence times and dominant bone-surface irradiation. 177Lu–EDTMP delivered a modestly higher skeletal absorbed dose (∼15%) compared with 177Lu–DOTMP. However, substantially elevated renal and hepatic absorbed doses were observed with EDTMP (>160–200% relative increase). Therapeutic index analysis revealed comparable marrow selectivity but significantly improved kidney and liver sparing with DOTMP. Bootstrap-derived confidence intervals confirmed that inter-compound differences persisted beyond experimental variability. Under fully harmonized voxel-based computational conditions incorporating bootstrap-based experimental uncertainty analysis, 177Lu–DOTMP demonstrated skeletal targeting comparable to 177Lu–EDTMP while providing superior clearance-organ sparing. These findings highlight the value of standardized voxel-based comparative dosimetry and suggest that 177Lu–DOTMP may provide a more favorable therapeutic selectivity profile, pending clinical validation.
This comprehensive review presents a thorough examination of recent advances in nanoemulsion (NE) green technology, focusing on biomass-assisted synthesis, characterization, and the diverse biomedical implications of these nanoscale emulsions. NEs, characterized by their minute droplet sizes and kinetic stability, have garnered considerable attention due to their potential applications across various biomedical fields. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art synthesis methods, including mini-emulsion polymerization, NE–solvent evaporation, spontaneous emulsification, sol–gel techniques, and innovative strategies for producing complex multicomponent materials. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of synthetic approaches, offering insights into the current landscape of NE production. In exploring the biomedical applications, the study categorizes nanocarriers formed within NEs, distinguishing between polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanocarriers based on their chemical composition. Noteworthy advancements in synthetic strategies are outlined for each category, showcasing the dynamic nature of NEs technology. A key highlight is the discussion of emerging trends in biomedical applications, spanning medicine, food, agriculture, cosmetics, and environmental science. Specific attention is given to the role of NEs in nanofiltration, elucidating their effectiveness in removing diverse pharmaceuticals through polyamide nano-filters. Moreover, the manuscript delves into the pivotal role of NEs in bioremediation, addressing hazardous substances such as PFASs through adsorption, photo-degradation/defluorination, and other innovative mechanisms. This review aims to provide a contemporary overview of green NE technologies, offering valuable insights for researchers, scientists, and practitioners in nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical sciences.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a complex human herpesvirus characterized by a protein core, a 162-capsomer nucleocapsid, and a glycoprotein-spiked envelope, which facilitates its transmission through bodily fluids. The virus primarily targets B cells and oropharyngeal epithelial cells, establishing infection through viral gp350/220 binds to the host CD21/CR2 receptor, followed by gp42 interacting with HLA class II molecules to trigger endocytosis. Once infection is established, EBV utilizes two main types of encoded microRNAs to regulate the host environment. The BHRF1 miRNAs are expressed early to promote rapid cell proliferation and prevent B-lymphocyte apoptosis by targeting pro-apoptotic proteins. Meanwhile, the BART miRNA cluster, including miR-BART1, miR-BART2, miR-BART3, miR-BART4, miR-BART7, miR-BART8, and miR-BART22, which are robustly expressed in epithelial malignancies like nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas, has been found to significantly suppress caspase-3, a central executioner of apoptosis and target host immune mediators like CXCL-11 to stifle antiviral responses. Moreover, Min et al. discovered that miR-BART1-3p inhibited the expression of Disabled homolog 2 (DAB2), a tumor suppressor gene linked to apoptosis, in EBVaGC cells, allowing them to evade programmed cell death. EBV’s ability to cycle between B cells and epithelial cells, along with its association with the modulation of host cell processes and immune responses, highlights the mechanisms by which EBV establishes infection and contributes to oncogenesis.
Acquired immunity in plants, including systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), plays a central role in protecting crops against a wide spectrum of pathogens and pests, ranging from fungi and bacteria to viruses and nematodes. Over the last three decades, significant advances have been made in understanding the molecular basis of SAR and ISR, particularly the roles of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) pathways, their crosstalk, and the transcriptional reprogramming mediated by key regulators such as NPR1, WRKY, and TGA transcription factors. This review summarizes current knowledge on how biological elicitors (e.g., plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, endophytes, and fungi), chemical inducers (e.g., SA/JA analogues, chitosan, phosphites, peptides), and emerging nanomaterials (e.g., graphene oxide and metal nanoparticles) activate plant immune responses through both direct antagonism and priming of defense pathways. Special emphasis is placed on recent insights into hormonal interactions, redox regulation, and systemic signaling that shape long-lasting immunity. Furthermore, the practical implications of elicitor-based approaches are discussed in the context of Integrated Disease Management (IDM), highlighting both commercially available products and novel research directions. By integrating mechanistic insights with translational applications, this review establishes a comprehensive framework for leveraging acquired immunity to reduce dependence on synthetic pesticides and strengthen sustainable crop resilience under changing climatic conditions.
New and creative methodologies for the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), which are exploited in a wide range of consumer items, are of significant interest. Hence, this research emphasizes the biological approach of Ag-NPs through Egyptian henna leaves ( Lawsonia inermis Linn.) extracts and analysis of the prepared Ag-NPs. Plant extract components were identified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-mass). The analyses of prepared Ag-NPs were carried out through UV–visible (UV–Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. UV–Vis reveals that Ag-NPs have a maximum peak at 460 nm in visible light. Structural characterization recorded peaks that corresponded to Bragg’s diffractions for silver nano-crystal, with average crystallite sizes varying from 28 to 60 nm. Antibacterial activities of Ag-NPs were examined, and it is observed that all microorganisms are very sensitive to biologically synthesized Ag-NPs.
