Conventional multiple-jet impingement cooling can provide high local heat transfer, yet under confined conditions its effectiveness is often limited by localized cooling footprints, non-uniform temperature fields, and complex jet-to-jet interference. To address this limitation, the present study numerically investigates the effects of inward-focused jet orientation and jet-to-jet spacing on the flow and thermal characteristics of a confined three-jet impingement system. Three configurations are considered: a baseline vertical arrangement, symmetric inward-focused arrangements, and mixed vertical-inclined arrangements. Simulations are performed for jet spacings of 8, 10, and 12 mm using the SST k-ω turbulence model. The results show that inward focusing improves cooling through momentum exchange and redirection, whereby part of the incoming axial jet momentum is converted into wall-parallel motion before and immediately after impingement. This mechanism broadens the cooled footprint, enhances lateral surface sweeping, and strengthens thermal boundary-layer disruption relative to the vertical baseline. The symmetric inward-focused cases show the clearest and most consistent improvement over the baseline, with the 45°, 225° configuration providing the most robust symmetric performance at 8 and 10 mm, while the 67.5°, 247.5° arrangement becomes particularly attractive at 12 mm. These balanced inward-focused cases improve heat transfer while maintaining better thermal uniformity than strongly asymmetric arrangements. Although the mixed 90°, 202.5° configuration yields the best overall average thermal performance, the mixed 90°, 247.5° case demonstrates the penalty associated with excessive asymmetry. Overall, the study identifies moderate and balanced inward focusing as a promising strategy for compact, thermally uniform, and high-performance impingement cooling systems.
The transition towards sustainable energy sources requires the development of costeffective and highly efficient electrocatalysts for water electrolysis. This study reports the fabrication and optimization of a non-precious bifunctional quaternary electrocatalyst from Co-Fe-Mn-Ni (CFMN) via electrodeposition for water-splitting reactions of both hydrogen (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER) reactions. Physicochemical characterizations showed that optimized quaternary CFMN electrocatalyst, deposited from an acetate electrolyte, had a composition of Co1.54-Fe0.11-Mn0.01-Ni0.043, with polycrystalline nanosheet morphology. Electrochemical activity assessment revealed remarkable electrocatalytic performance for both HER and OER, surpassing that of single-metal catalysts. CFMN electrocatalyst displayed an overpotential (eta) of-110 and 310 mV, with current density values of 8.3 x 10(-4 )and 4.5 x 10(-2) A/cm(-2), for HER and OER, respectively. Moreover, the catalyst exhibited excellent stability, retaining over 86.3% of its initial current density during 4000 s of chronoamperometric testing and showing negligible performance degradation after 1000 continuous linear sweep voltammetry cycles. This study aims to contribute to the advancement of multi-element, efficient and cost-effective electrocatalysts for water-splitting reactions and hydrogen fuel production.
This comprehensive review presents a thorough examination of recent advances in nanoemulsion (NE) green technology, focusing on biomass-assisted synthesis, characterization, and the diverse biomedical implications of these nanoscale emulsions. NEs, characterized by their minute droplet sizes and kinetic stability, have garnered considerable attention due to their potential applications across various biomedical fields. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of state-of-the-art synthesis methods, including mini-emulsion polymerization, NE–solvent evaporation, spontaneous emulsification, sol–gel techniques, and innovative strategies for producing complex multicomponent materials. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of synthetic approaches, offering insights into the current landscape of NE production. In exploring the biomedical applications, the study categorizes nanocarriers formed within NEs, distinguishing between polymeric, inorganic, and hybrid nanocarriers based on their chemical composition. Noteworthy advancements in synthetic strategies are outlined for each category, showcasing the dynamic nature of NEs technology. A key highlight is the discussion of emerging trends in biomedical applications, spanning medicine, food, agriculture, cosmetics, and environmental science. Specific attention is given to the role of NEs in nanofiltration, elucidating their effectiveness in removing diverse pharmaceuticals through polyamide nano-filters. Moreover, the manuscript delves into the pivotal role of NEs in bioremediation, addressing hazardous substances such as PFASs through adsorption, photo-degradation/defluorination, and other innovative mechanisms. This review aims to provide a contemporary overview of green NE technologies, offering valuable insights for researchers, scientists, and practitioners in nanotechnology, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical sciences.
The present study investigates the relationship between corporate environmental disclosure and dividend policy. The study also examines the moderating role of environmental controversies in the relationship between corporate environmental disclosure and dividend policy. A sample of 2579 listed firms from European countries was selected, and fixed-effect, GMM, and quantile regression methodologies were employed. The result suggests that corporate environmental disclosure reflects the importance of environmental practices in shaping payout policies. The result also suggests that firms become more effective at enhancing dividend outcomes when they actively manage controversies. The findings are robust with GMM and quantile regression. This study is the first to combine various measures of corporate environmental disclosure, including CSR strategy scores, Environmental Pillar Scores, ESG Scores, Green Building Scores, and Emissions Scores. It also incorporates financial metrics such as cash dividends paid, net common stock buybacks, dividend payout ratio, dividend yield, and common stock dividends. The aim is to thoroughly examine the relationship between these factors and dividend policy in European countries.
