Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Kazakh: Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университеті), also called KazGU or KazNU, is a university in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Named after the Eastern philosopher and scholar al-Farabi, it is one of the country's largest universities.KazNU is the oldest classical university of the Republic established by a Decree of the Kazakh Regional Committee (KRC) office dated November 13, 1933. One year after Kazakhstan's 1990 declaration of independence, the name was changed to Al-Farabi Kazakh State University. According to the QS World University Rankings KazNU takes 207th place in the rating of the best universities of the world.In 2001, the government classified it as a "national" university. More than 20,000 students, post-graduates and PhD students study at KazNU, and there are more than 2500 faculty members working at KazNU, including 400 doctors of science, professors and more than 800 candidates of science and associate professors. Like other universities founded under the Soviet system, it is highly centralized.[clarification needed]In 2021, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University was named as one of the Top 500 Universities in the World.
This scoping review synthesizes 30 empirical studies published between 2016 and 2025 on the implementation of English Medium Instruction (EMI) and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) in Central Asia. Following the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Scoping Reviews) framework, the review employed a systematic search across international and regional databases to identify studies conducted in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. The review reveals substantial geographic unevenness in the evidence base: most included studies were conducted in Kazakhstan, only limited evidence was identified from Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, and no eligible empirical studies were found from Tajikistan or Turkmenistan. A further regional pattern is the concentration of EMI and CLIL research in higher education, particularly in STEM-related contexts, while primary and secondary education remain comparatively underexplored. The review also identifies thematic imbalances, especially the limited representation of administrators, policymakers, parents, and other stakeholders whose perspectives are important for understanding the conditions shaping EMI and CLIL implementation. Recurring challenges include teacher preparedness, language-related barriers, resource limitations, and sociopolitical constraints, especially in rural settings. Overall, the review highlights the need for more geographically inclusive and methodologically diverse research to better understand how contextual, linguistic, and institutional conditions influence EMI and CLIL implementation and to inform more grounded regional policy development.
The volumetric efficiency of a direct expansion solar-ambient hybrid source compression heat pump (DXS-AHS-CHP) was affected due to rise in solar thermal flux, ambient temperature and relative humidity. Moreover, the DXS-AHS-CHP systems are using grid power generated by coal based thermal power plants. To overcome these issues, the main objectives formulated in this paper are: (a) to explore the possibility of using a sub cooler vapour injection (SC-VI) in a DXS-AHS-CHP for enhancing the compressor volumetric efficiency by control the refrigerant super heat and (b) to reduce the environmental impacts of a DXS-AHS-CHP with SC-VI by integrating the on-grid photovoltaic panels. The experimental observations have been made in a photovoltaic powered DXS-AHS-CHP with SC-VI and compared with the grid powered DXS-AHS-CHP without SC-VI for the period of fifty days in each mode. The average system performance was compared in terms of compressor volumetric efficiency, compressor power consumption, condenser heating capacity and coefficient of performance (COP). The results showed that the photovoltaic powered DXS-AHS-CHP with SC-VI has maintained the compressor volumetric efficiency of more than 0.84 with 1.8—3.3
This study develops a dynamic framework to examine the co-evolution between technology applicability and enterprise innovation strategies within knowledge networks. Departing from traditional static models, we conceptualize technology applicability as an endogenous construct shaped by network position, adoption patterns, and intrinsic technological characteristics. A three-equation system is formulated to capture the bidirectional relationships among innovation strategies, network centrality, and evolving technology applicability. Empirical validation is conducted using longitudinal data from the USPTO, NBER, and Compustat, incorporating patent citation networks and firm-level innovation metrics. The findings provide evidence consistent with threshold effects, feedback loops, and non-linear dynamics: firms with high absorptive capacity respond more intensively to technology applicability signals, leading to structural shifts in knowledge diffusion. Moreover, the interaction between network centrality and technology applicability appears to explain persistent heterogeneity in innovation outcomes. These results offer a framework for understanding co-evolutionary dynamics in innovation ecosystems and suggest practical implications for strategic innovation management and policy design.
Depression and suicidality in older adults are major public health concerns worldwide. These phenomena are strongly influenced by social and quality of life factors. The aim of the study was to characterize depressive and suicidal symptoms in older people in the context of quality of life. In this study 76 people aged 60–74 years were examined using interviews and questionnaires, namely: the Mannheim inventory of living conditions in old age (Mannheimer Inventar der Lebensverhältnisse im Alter, MILVA), the geriatric depression scale (GDS-15), Beck hopelessness scale (BHS) and the suicide crisis inventory revised (SCI-2). Data analysis was performed using statistical methods: regression analysis, Student’s T‑test, Pearson correlation. Older people with suicidal thoughts have a lower quality of life, namely by scales of communication and finances, with higher scores of depression and hopelessness. A negative relationship was found between social factors and indicators of a suicidal crisis. Regression analysis showed that activity and communication significantly influence the level of depression in older adults, while communication and financial stability influence the severity of suicidal crisis. Improving the quality of life of older people, social support, increasing activity and communication can help to maintain well-being as well as to prevent depression and suicidal behavior in old age.
We study electrically charged, slowly rotating black hole solutions in Einstein-Bumblebee gravity coupled to the traceless (conformal) ModMax nonlinear electrodynamics. By adopting a quadratic bumblebee potential that fixes the vacuum expectation value of the Lorentz-violating vector, we derive both the static configuration and its first-order rotating extension and demonstrate how the bumblebee parameter l and the ModMax deformation gamma modify the horizon structure and the effective electric charge. We further investigate the dynamical properties of this spacetime by considering a massive scalar field perturbation. Using two independent numerical techniques, we compute the quasinormal mode (QNM) spectra and perform a comprehensive analysis of the influence of all relevant parameters, including the black hole spin, the Lorentz-violating coupling, the ModMax deformation, and the scalar field mass. Our results reveal coherent trends in the QNM frequencies, highlighting the interplay between Lorentz-symmetry breaking and nonlinear electrodynamic effects in black hole dynamics.
