Mycotoxins are fungal secondary metabolites with dual significance: they threaten health via food contamination yet hold potential as biopesticides. Their isolation from complex matrices remains a critical challenge. This review analyzes classical methods (liquid–liquid extraction, SPE including QuEChERS, chromatography). Traditional techniques suffer from poor selectivity, multi-step processing, large toxic solvent volumes, and matrix effects. As alternatives, emerging strategies based on rational design are considered: directed cocrystallization, supercritical fluid extraction, smart MOF/COF membranes, and AI integrated with physicochemical modeling. The concept of “precision” extraction enabling prediction of target isolation at the molecular level is developed. Recommendations for standardizing experimental reporting to create machine-readable datasets for neural networks are provided. The review concludes that while most still require experimental validation for mycotoxins, these approaches point toward selective, sustainable mycotoxin isolation technologies for analytical control and pure standard production.
The study aimed to evaluate the possibility of the combined use of phytoseiid mites and neonicotinoids in agricultural production. To answer this question, laboratory tests were performed. The research objects were the polyphagous phytoseiid species Neoseiulus californicus and N. agrestis, which are widely used for the protection of vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses. Laboratory experiments showed that treatment with the neonicotinoids Actara and Confidor at recommended field concentrations had no negative effect on the longevity or fecundity of adult mites. However, when treatments were applied to juvenile developmental stages, high contact toxicity of the preparations was observed, especially toward protonymphs, whose mortality reached 70 %. For larvae and nymphs, this показатель averaged 30–40 %. When treatment was applied at the egg stage, viability of the tested phytoseiids remained at the control level. The obtained results will serve as a methodological basis for optimizing the combined use of phytoseiids and neonicotinoids in integrated pest management systems in greenhouses.
The pine webspinning sawfly Acantholyda posticalis (Mats.) (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Pamphiliidae), a species new to Northwestern Russia, was found for the first time in St. Petersburg and Leningrad Province in 2016, 2017, and 2021. One specimen of this species from Leningrad Province was also found in the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Acantholyda posticalis is a dangerous pest of the Scots pine Pinus sylvestris, widespread in the forests of Northwestern Russia, and other pine species.
Abstract—The relatively large Indo-Malayan-Holarctic genus Pedetontus Silvestri, 1911 has so far included 33 described species. The genus has two subgenera including the nominative subgenus Pedetontus s. str., with seven species (6 from North America and one from Kamchatka) and Verhoeffilis Paclt, 1972, with 26 species (three species from North America, 12 from the southeastern Palearctic and 11 from the Indo-Malayan Region). Both subgenera are distinguished by the arrangement of two pairs of eversible vesicles on abdominal segments II–VI or II–V, respectively. This paper describes two new species of the latter subgenus from the Primorsky Territory of the Russian Federation: P. furuhjelmi sp. n., from Furugelm Island, and P. nigrus sp. n., from Ussuriysk environs. Both are very close to P. ussuriensis Kaplin, 1980, widespread in the Primorsky Territory, and P. silvestrii Mendes, 1993, from North Korea, but they differ well in body length, the relative length of the antennae, the structure of the antennal flagella, the compound eyes, the paired ocelli, the maxillary and labial palps, the sternites, styli and coxites of abdominal segment IX, as well as by the chaetotaxy of the legs and urocoxites IX, and the ovipositor.
Изучена способность трех штаммов энтомопатогенного гриба Akanthomyces muscarius к эндофитной колонизации культурных растений – бобов, томата и аканта. В отношении бобов обнаружена фиторегуляторная активность штаммов. Внесение в почву споровой суспензии штаммов Vl 21 и Vl 61 приводило к увеличению зеленой массы, длины растений и массы корня (для Vl 61). Наиболее эффективно колонизировал бобы штамм Г-033 ВИЗР опрыскиванием листьев, встречаемость составила 66 %, а в стеблях – 40 %. Встречаемость штамма Vl 61 в листьях и стеблях составила 11–16 %. Этот штамм также был обнаружен в корнях и листьях при замачивании семян в споровой суспензии в отличие от других штаммов, которые колонизировали только стебли. Встречаемость Vl 21 была наиболее высокой в листьях при опрыскивании (15 %). Колонизация бобов штаммами A. muscarius негативно влияла на особей персиковой тли, питающихся на этих растениях: плодовитость тлей, подсаженных на листья растений, колонизированных Vl 21, была ниже на 26 % по сравнению с контролем, смертность тли составила 19 %. Обработка штаммом Vl 61 вызывала тенденцию к снижению плодовитости, смертность тли составила около 50 %. Штамм Г-033 ВИЗР не влиял на плодовитость тли, но вызывал до 57 % ее смертности. Отмечены единичные случаи проявления симптомов микозов тлей. При колонизации томатов внесением в почву споровых суспензий установлено, что стебли колонизировались лучше всего, колонизация листьев и корней не превышала 8 %. Для меченных зеленым флюоресцентным белком штаммов Vl 61* и Vl 72* доказана способность к эндофитной колонизации многолетних растений аканта. Оба штамма выделялись из всех частей аканта, наиболее часто грибы встречались в листьях и стеблях.
