При товарной экспертизе важным является подтверждение подлинности сорта сои и его географического региона селекции для передачи информации в ФГИС «Зерно». Использование морфологических критериев для аутентификации сорта сои усложняется с увеличением числа сортов сои. Наиболее эффективными являются методы молекулярно-генетического анализа, позволяющие минимизировать фальсификацию сортов сои. Для ускорения процедуры актуальна разработка методического подхода построения классификационной модели градации сортов сои по географическому региону селекции. Для оценки генетического разнообразия 9 коммерческих сортов сои использовали 12 микросателлитных (SSR) локусов. Оценку генетической дифференциации сортов сои проводили путем вычисления индексов попарной фиксации Fst по Райту и Rst по Слаткину. Методы многомерного анализа применялись для построения классификационной модели сортов сои по географическому региону селекции. Определен размер фрагментов и рассчитаны показатели информативности SSR локусов. Путем вычисления индексов попарной фиксации по Райту (Fst) и Слаткину (Rst) провели оценку генетической дифференциации среди изученных коммерческих сортов. На основе евклидового расстояния методами кластерного анализа построена дендрограмма, отражающая различия между сортами сои. Исследуемые сорта сои разделены на две группы по географическому региону их селекции: российскую и канадскую. Методом главных компонент выявлены аллели, обладающие наибольшей дискриминантной способностью, которые маркируют генотипическую изменчивость. Методом дискриминантного анализа по сочетанию аллелей получена классификационная модель градации сортов сои по географическому региону селекции. Точность модели составила 100%. Полученная модель должна стать дополнением к морфологическим и другим традиционным маркерам, которые в настоящее время в большей степени применяются при товарной экспертизе сои. During commodity examination it is important to confirm the authenticity of soybean variety and its geographical region of selection for transferring information to FGIS ‘Grain’. The use of morphological criteria for soybean variety authentication becomes more complicated as the number of soybean varieties increases. The most effective are the methods of molecular genetic analysis that allow minimising the adulteration of soybean varieties. To speed up the procedure, the development of a methodological approach for constructing a classification model for grading soybean varieties by geographical region of breeding is relevant. Twelve microsatellite (SSR) loci were used to assess the genetic diversity of 9 commercial soybean varieties. Genetic differentiation of soybean varieties was assessed by calculating pairwise fixation indices Fst according to Wright and Rst according to Slatkin. Multivariate analysis methods were used to build a classification model of soybean varieties by geographical region of breeding. The size of fragments was determined and the informativity indices of SSR loci were calculated. Genetic differentiation among the commercial varieties studied was assessed by calculating the Wright (Fst) and Slatkin (Rst) pairwise fixation indices. On the basis of Euclidean distance, a dendrogram reflecting the differences among soybean varieties was constructed using cluster analysis methods. The studied soybean varieties were divided into two groups according to the geographical region of their breeding: Russian and Canadian. The method of principal components identified alleles with the highest discriminant ability, which mark genotypic variability. A classification model for grading soybean varieties by geographical region of breeding was obtained by discriminant analysis using the allele combination method. The accuracy of the model was 100%. The resulting model should be a complement to morphological and other traditional markers that are currently used to a greater extent in commodity examination of soybeans.
The spread and development of sunflower rust in the regions of the Russian Federation is due to the emergence of new biotypes of the pathogen, which have overcome the resistance of cultivated varieties and hybrids. The aim of the research was to identify isolates of the sunflower rust pathogen collected in 2020-2022 in 8 regions of crop cultivation according to the internationally accepted classification: Krasnodar, Volgograd, Saratov, Voronezh, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Orenburg, and Tambov regions of the Russian Federation. Differential lines of sunflower rust resistance (CM 90, CM 29, R-386, HAR-1, HAR-2, HAR-3, HAR-4, HAR-5) and the variety VNIIMK 8833 susceptible to all races of the pathogen were used for testing. A total of 280 isolates of urediniospores of the parasite collected from infected plants of different sunflower genotypes were identified according to the internationally accepted classification. In this sample, 27 biotypes of rust pathogens were differentiated. There have been identified fifteen biotypes not previously found in Russia, their code numbers are 320, 701, 703, 710, 720, 721, 730, 742, 744, 747, 761, 765, 766, 771 and 777. The most virulent biotype 777 was detected in 2022 among isolates from the Volgograd region. The biotype with the code number 700 was detected in all the regions presented, accounting for 50 % of the sample of isolates studied. It is advisable to carry out sunflower breeding for its resistance.
Relevance . The article deals with the determination of the species and quantitative composition of soil micromycetes of moderately deep chestnut soil and leached chernozem soil, as well as the ecological plasticity of the identified microscopic fungi. Methods . The objects of the study were microscopic fungi contained in different types of fallow soil in the regions of the Southern Federal District — chestnut shallow soil and leached chernozem. The study of soil samples under laboratory conditions for the presence of micromycetes was carried out according to generally accepted methods. The third dilution (1:1000) was used for sowing the soil suspension on Czapek medium. Results . In 2023–2024, the species composition of micromycetes was more diverse in chestnut soil (9 genera) samples compared to leached chernozem soil (6 genera). Micromycetes common to chestnut and leached chernozem soils were identified: Cladosporium spp ., Fusarium spp ., Penicillium spp ., Aspergillus spp . and Mucor spp . The presence of these micromycetes genera in soil types that differ in structure and microelement content indicates their ecological flexibility and developed ability to adapt to different moisture conditions and soil types. Fungi Trichoderma spp . were not found in chestnut soil samples, and fungi Acremonium spp ., Mortierella spp . and fungi-like organisms of the genus Pythium spp . were not found in leached chernozem samples, which allows us to classify them as stenobionts. The dominants of the second rank in the chestnut soil were Penicillium spp . with an abundance index of 37%, in the leached chernozem — Fusarium spp . and Trichoderma spp . (the abundance was 45 and 36%). The highest spatial frequency of occurrence of soil micromycetes in the conditions of the Kotelnikovsky district was noted in the genus Penicillium spp . (83%), in the conditions of the Oktyabrsky farm — in Trichoderma spp . and Fusarium spp . (100% each).
The article presents the results of 2023-2024 study on the effect of fertilizers on the yield of oil seeds, vegetable oil and feed protein in spring rapeseed of the ‘Forpost KL’ cultivar as well as on the economic efficiency of its cultivation technology in the Lipetsk region (in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation). The field experiment variants were as follows: control – without fertilizers; N40 + foliar fertilization (FF); N60 + FF; N40P40K40; N80P80K80; N40P40K40 + N40; N40P40K40 + N40 + FF; N40P40K40 + FF, N80P80K80 + N40 + FF. Complete mineral fertilizer was applied in autumn before plowing; nitrogen fertilizer was applied in spring before pre-sowing cultivation. Biostim Maslichny at a dose of 2.0 l/ha was used for foliar fertilization during the period between spring rapeseed stem extension and the beginning of budding. The soil of the experimental plot was heavy loamy leached chernozem. On average, over the years of the research, the seed yield of spring rapeseed cultivated without fertilizers was 1.80 t/ha, increasing by a statistically significant 0.26–0.74 t/ha when fertilizers were applied. The maximum values were obtained through agricultural practices involving the application of N80P80K80 (2.38 t/ha), N40P40K40 + N40 + FF (2.42 t/ha) and N80P80K80 + N40 + FF (2.54 t/ha). These variants also yielded the highest oil and protein per-hectare yields (1049–1082 kg/ha and 611–668 kg/ha, respectively). However, the highest net income (33,720 rubles/ha), profitability (94 %) and low cost per ton of oil seeds (15,446 rubles) were achieved using a spring rapeseed cultivation technology with the yield of 2.32 t/ha, which involved applying N40P40K40 in autumn before plowing and carrying out foliar fertilization with the organic-mineral fertilizer Biostim Maslichny.
The article presents the results of research on the effect of technological methods (seeding rates, macro- and microfertilizers, chemical and biological plant protection) on the growth and development, productivity elements, disease affection, seed germination and quality of seed material of the sunflower maternal line VK1-klp, as well as on the changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of microbiota in the rhizosphere of sunflower. The research was conducted in 2023-2024 in the conditions of the Krasnodar region on ordinary and leached chernozems. Disease recording was carried out at sunflower stages BBCH 51 and BBCH 85 (according to the international BBCH-scale) in accordance with generally accepted methods of phytopathological research. Mycological analysis of soil samples (by the method of sequential soil dilution by A. I. Netrusov, identification of micromycetes in sunflower rhizosphere by M. A. Litvinov and A. Ya. Semenov (et al.)) was carried out before sowing and at the onset of the physiological maturity stage of the crop (soil sampling in the rhizosphere). The samples were counted and analyzed according to the methodology of V. S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops. It was established that agrotechnical methods had no effect on the mycological composition of the sunflower rhizosphere, contributed to the decrease of plant affection and positively influenced the growth and productivity of the crop. The application of fertilizers and chemical plant protection against diseases contributed to a 10 % decrease in the prevalence of sunflower dry rot (Rizopus spp.), an increase in plant height by 8.1 cm and the achievement of a high yield – 1.25 t/ha. Decreasing the seeding rate from 75 to 65 thousand pcs/ha resulted in a significant increase in the thousand-seed weight from 53.6 to 57.3 g. The best laboratory germination of seeds (98.0 %) was obtained with the combined use of biological plant protection and microfertilizers, field germination (95.4 %) – with the use of fertilizers and chemical plant protection. The results of the research can be the basis for the preparation of recommendations for increasing the production of seed material of maternal lines of sunflower with improved quality.
