An Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1028334X23070188
The research was carried out in order to study the new biologics’ effect based on rhizosphere microorganisms on the yield and the spring wheat grain’s quality. The work was carried out in 2018-2020 in the Ulyanovsk region on leached heavy loam chernozem in a microfield experiment in vessels without a bottom with an area of 0.018 m2. The experiment’s scheme: Background 1: Р45К4 (control); Background 1+ Strain KL-10; Background 1+ Strain 17-1; Background 1+ Rhyzoagrin; Background 2: N45Р45К45; Background 2+ Strain KL-10; Background 2 + Strain 17-1; Background 2 + Rhyzoagrin; N45Р45К45. It was discovered that pre-sowing inoculation of spring wheat seeds with new biological preparations based on associative rhizobacteria’s strains increases grain weight by 19…22 %. The increases from the Rhyzoagrin biologics’ using on Р45К45 as a standard averaged 66 g/m2 (+13 % to Background 1), from strain KL-10-98 g/ m2 (+19 %), strain 17-1 - 113 g/m2 (+22 %). Based on NPK-one of the most common in pollination, which contains a biological product based on nitric oxide 17-1 - 80 g / m2 (+15 %). The maximum yield obtained from N90-789 g/ m2 (+51 %), from N45-647 g/m2 (+ 24 %), that is comparable to 17-1 (636 g/m2). The raw protein’s collection increased from the introduction of N90 to 80 % as a result of exposure to nitrogen nutrition, crop production, from the biological products’ usage or N45 - by 25…32 %. The nitrogen fertilizers’ using and biologics positively affected the accumulation of nitrogen consumed in the grain, increasing the nitrogen index (the share of nitrogen accumulated in the grain from its total accumulation in the crop) from 64 % to 71 %, increasing the ammonium nitrate nitrogen’s payback with the grain harvest’s growth by 52 …67 %.
The paper considers the issue of scientifically based determination of the need for mineral fertilizers to obtain various gross grain harvest in the near future. In contrast to the previously developed principles for determining the need for mineral fertilizers, a different approach is outlined, which is based on calculations not for the whole country, but for Federal Districts, since their natural and climatic conditions are very diverse. This made it possible to take into account the variability of the calculated data affecting the yield of grain crops and the effectiveness of the use of mineral fertilizers for them. First of all, this applies to the soil cover and agrochemical properties of soils. According to the data obtained, the yield of winter wheat obtained without the use of fertilizers varied from 23.2 to 34.1 c/ha, and the increase in N60 was from 11.4 to 2.2 c/ha. A more significant increase in yield was established during the transition of soils according to the degree of agrochemical cultivation from low to increased to high. The yield of winter wheat on sod-podzolic soil increases 5 times and amounts to 36.7 kg/ha. Similar data were obtained on other types of soils. The need for mineral fertilizers to produce 145–150 million tons of grain is estimated at 5.4 million tons, for 170–175 million tons – at 8.4 million tons.
The results of the vegetative experiment on the establishment of the joint effect of the biological preparation Rhizotorphin and N-fertilizer (doses N0.05, N0.10, N0.15, N0.20, N0.25) on the formation of vegetative mass and the yield of seed pea grain when cultivated on weakly and medium cultivated sod-podzolic soil are presented. With an increase in the dose of N-fertilizer from N0.05 to N0.25, an increase in the yield of green mass of peas was observed by 3.4–22.2 g/vessel (on poorly cultivated) and by 10.3–35.5 g/vessel (on medium cultivated soil). The increase in grain yield from the use of Rhizotorphin on average in the experiment was 1.31 g/vessel on weakly and 1.66 g/vessel on medium cultivated soil. The application of N-fertilizer in medium cultivated soil conditions increased the responsiveness of seeded peas to inoculation to 1.70–1.87 g/vessel. When using Rhizotorphin and applying N-fertilizer, the accumulation of N in pea grain increased by 0.22 and 0.18% in accordance with the degree of cultivation of the soil. When using Rhizotorphin, N was accumulated in the roots, which positively affected the preservation of their activity and functioning at later stages of development, the intake and accumulation of N in the forming grain. The biological preparation Rhizotorphin influenced the accumulation and distribution of consumed N between the main and by-products of pea plants. Due to this, in the budding phase – the beginning of flowering, the dose increased to 0.83–0.88, and 38.0–65.5 mg N/vessel was additionally accumulated in the pea grain. With an increase in the dose of N-fertilizer over 0.05 g/kg on weakly and 0.20 g/kg on medium cultivated soil, the process of forming a symbiotic apparatus on the root system of peas was completely suppressed.
In dark gray forest soil, the use of 15N fertilizer nitrogen by spring wheat when seeds were inoculated with microbial biopreparations was assessed. The use of the method under study increased the weight of grain on the PK background by 25–42
