The American Antiquarian Society (AAS), located in Worcester, Massachusetts, is both a learned society and a national research library of pre-twentieth-century American history and culture. Founded in 1812, it is the oldest historical society in the United States with a national focus. Its main building, known as Antiquarian Hall, is a U.S. National Historic Landmark in recognition of this legacy. The mission of the AAS is to collect, preserve and make available for study all printed records of what is now known as the United States of America. This includes materials from the first European settlement through the year 1876.The AAS offers programs for professional scholars, pre-collegiate, undergraduate and graduate students, educators, professional artists, writers, genealogists, and the general public. The collections of the AAS contain over three million books, pamphlets, newspapers, periodicals, graphic arts materials and manuscripts. The Society is estimated to hold copies of two-thirds of the total books known to have been printed in what is now the United States from the establishment of the first press in 1640 through the year 1820; many of these volumes are exceedingly rare and a number of them are unique. Historic materials from all fifty U.S. states, most of Canada and the British West Indies are included in the AAS repository. One of the more famous volumes held by the Society is a copy of the first book printed in America, the Bay Psalm Book. AAS has one of the largest collections of newspapers printed in America through 1876, with more than two million issues in its collection. Its collections contain the first American women's magazine edited by a woman, The Humming Bird, or Herald of Taste.
The necessary conditions for formulating optimal feedback control algorithms have been known for many years. Free parameters exist in the performance index in the form of state and control penalty and terminal state penalty matrices for tuning the performance of the optimally controlled system. The selection process is typically experimental and iterative. To generate the weight matrices for optimal feedback control algorithms, an optimization process is proposed. Typically, the optimization process for the weight matrices requires several numerical integration processes that are computationally expensive; this work overcomes the classical high computational cost by exploiting closed-form solutions for the time-varying Riccati matrix, state trajectories, state transition matrix, and the optimal performance index. Closed-form algebraic equations are used to generate all partial derivative calculations, and no numerical integration is required. The closed-form partial derivatives are used to generate analytic gradients for the optimization steps. The optimization strategy seeks to minimize the terminal state values for the feedback control problem. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimization algorithm. The resulting computational procedures are expected to be broadly useful for control theory applications in science and engineering.
In this paper we propose memory model for magnetization of magnetic fluid - a colloidal suspension of magnetic nano particles in a liquid carrier.The idea originates from the mathematical formulation of constitutive equations of solids with memory given by Boltzmann.
fairly overwhelming, but it turned out to be much narrower than many had initially predicted (45 percent to 55 percent). Rather than settle the issue, therefore, the referendum added momentum to the Scottish independence movement, with the Scottish National Party establishing an electoral hegemony that shows no sign of dissipating. The recent Brexit vote has more or less led to the establishment of a separate Scottish foreign policy as the political debate in Scotland now focuses on the choice of the Big Union (Europe) or the Wee Union (Britain). The startling speed of change has left this volume’s chapters on politics somewhat dated, although Andrew Mycock puts his finger on the central issue of the tensions between a civic tradition in Scottish nationalism, which includes all residents in Scotland, and the ethnic variant which reaches out to the diaspora. The practical reality of residents having a vote has meant that the Scottish National Party has increasingly abandoned the diaspora because of its ethnic connotations and sought to emphasize the civic tradition, and this trend has become more apparent in light of the differences between England and Scotland on the issue of the European Union. The different approaches can be seen in the context of the two referendums. In the Scottish one, set by the Scottish government, all residents irrespective of nationality were given the vote, and the voting age was lowered to sixteen. Scots outside of Scotland did not get the vote. In the European referendum conducted by the British government, European citizens were excluded, but British immigrants in Europe and British Commonwealth countries were given the vote. Sixteento eighteen-year-olds did not participate. So for political purposes, the promotion of the civic tradition of nationalism has meant that the enthusiasm that gathered around the cultivation of the diaspora has died down quite a bit. The remainder of the volume covers an eclectic range of topics dealing with sport, Gaelic heritage, tourism, and the media that lacks the focus and direction of the earlier part of the book. That said, the chapter by Euan Hague on Scottish representation in American mass romantic novels is fascinating in the way that this literary genre, which has become an international success, has little real connection with Scotland.
In 19th century America, few people had knowledge of ancient Egypt. George Gliddon’s Panorama of the Nile was the first traveling exhibition that featured lectures and exhibitions of its civilization, its history, its art, and its culture. Although the exhibition was short-lived, it reached a great many people during its tour, inculcating them with its lessons. This article traces the origins and subsequent travels of the Panorama and describes how and where it was exhibited and the events surrounding those exhibitions.
