Induction and accumulation of osmotin‐like proteins are crucial components of innate immune responses in plants challenged with pathogens. One of these proteins, PR5 and PA13 , are abundantly secreted and are able to elicit plant defenses, however, their native function in potato plants infected with Phytophthora infestans remains unknown. Here, the pathway signaling of the two genes were monitored in potato plants at early points of infection with P. infestans using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Our data demonstrated significant gene expression variance of the two genes in infected plants as compared to the non-infected controls. It is also notable that PA13 gene had higher expression than PR5 in the resistant cultivar 'Sponta' as compared to the susceptible one 'Draga' with a maximum expression for PR5 (3.5 and 1.2-fold) and PA13 (8.2 and 2.7-fold) respectively, at 48 hours post infection. The obtained results suggested that PR5 and PA13 genes, positively regulate P. infestans—resistance in potato plants during disease progress, which can offer testable hypotheses that will need straight upcoming experiments to define how the PR5 and PA13 pathway signaling may be specified in potato defense system.
Background: The tobacco plant and some e-cigarette liquids naturally contain nicotine, a highly addictive substance. Tobacco usage is the second most lethal drug worldwide, with an estimated 5 million deaths from it, and it poses a serious health risk. Objectives: To evaluate the student’s knowledge of the negative effects of nicotine addiction among nursing students and find the association between the pre-test knowledge score of the negative effects of nicotine addiction and the selected demographic variables of Nursing students. Material and Methods: This quasi-experimental study used a one-group pretest and post-test design. Simple random sampling (lottery method) was used to select 50 nursing college students. A structured knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the students' knowledge of the negative effects of nicotine addiction. Results: Study results showed that the pretest poor knowledge score was 30% (n=15) which was reduced to zero in the post-test. The average knowledge score in the pretest was 64% (n=32) which was reduced to 4% (n=2) in the post-test. Most participants scored good knowledge scores in the post-test from 6% (n=3) to 96% (n=48). The average mean knowledge score in the pretest was 13.02±4.70 increasing to 30.40±3.23 in the post-test. The calculated ‘t’ value (t = 58.34) shows a significant difference at p < 0.05 from pre- to post which showed that planned teaching program effectively improved the knowledge score on the negative effects of nicotine addiction among nursing students. Conclusion: Planned teaching program have a considerable impact on students' knowledge level, as demonstrated by the statistical data provided by the study findings.
Objectives: Conventionally, oral health outcomes have been assessed using clinical criteria and the subjective opinions of clinicians. However, these methods have failed to capture the true impact of oral diseases on an individual’s overall quality of life (QoL). Specifically, dental caries and tooth loss have been identified as factors that can significantly affect an individual’s oral health-related QoL (OHRQoL). Taking this into consideration, a recent study was conducted to investigate the association between oral impacts on daily performance (OIDP) scores and the oral health status of adults aged 25 years and older residing in Bengaluru South. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 800 adults aged 25 years and older in Bengaluru, South city. Clinical examination was performed using the decayed, missing-filled teeth (DMFT) index. OHRQoL was assessed using the OIDP questionnaire. For statistical analysis, the Chi-square test, Mann– Whitney U-test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Spearman’s correlation were applied. Results: 70.4% of the study participants had at least one oral impact affecting their daily performances. Out of eight daily performances, the most affected performance was eating, followed by emotional stability and carrying out major work. DMFT was significantly associated with OIDP. Conclusion: The prevalence of OIDPs in this population is high. Oral impacts had affected their QoL primarily through difficulties in eating. Appropriate program implementation is required for the upliftment of such deprived populations.
Physiological and molecular response of Padina pavonica (phaeophyta) marine alga exposed to different cadmium (0, 2.5, 5 and 10 mg/L) concentrations after 4 days of exposure has been investigated. Physiological data revealed decrease in specific growth rate (SGR%), pigments (Chlorophyll a & b, total chlorophyll and total carotendois) content, osmotic potential with increased electric conductivity (EC) under Cd applied concentrations in the studied alga species. Whereas, carotendois pigments content increased in P. pavonica alga as Cd applied concentrations increased. As for molecular test, RAPD marker has been applied, a decrease in polymorphic bands (PB) from 95 to 87 has been recorded when applied Cd concentration increased from 2.5 to 10 mg/L. Whereas, genomic template stability (GTS%) as a qualitative measurement reflect DNA changes induced by Cd treatment was displayed by RAPD marker. Molecular study revealed increased GTS% value from 30.7 to 42.7% when applied Cd concentration increased from 2.5 to 10 mg/L. Based upon observed physiological (significant increase in carotendois content) and molecular data (decrease in the new induced bands number and increase in disappeared bands as Cd concentration increased from 2.5 to 10 mg/L) in P. pavonica alga, the current investigation could be assumed that P. pavonica alga adopted certain mechanism to minimize Cd stress damages.
Spot blotch (SB), caused by the fungus Cochliobolus sativus, is most efficiently controlled by using fungicides such as triadimefon (TDM) a triazole group member. This pathogen has the ability to develop resistance against TDM due to its high genetic variability, short lifecycle and plentiful inoculum yield. However, no experimental evidences of the direct contribution of ABC transporters in TDMresistance are available so far. Therefore, changes in ABC1 and ABC2 genes in avirulent Pt1 and virulent Pt4 C. sativus pathotypes were monitored at early time points of TDM treatments using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR). Our results revealed that ABC1 and ABC2 expressions increased in both virulent and avirulent pathotypes at 24 hours post TDM treatments in comparison with non-treated controls. The most outstanding differences in ABC1 and ABC2 expressions were 3.2 and 1.2-fold, in avirulent Pt1 and 4.2 and 1.5-fold respectively, for virulent Pt4, respectively, after 48 hours of 0.125 µg mL-1TDM treatment. According to results, it is likely that ABC1 and ABC2 genes might play a role in signaling actions during C. sativus exposure to triazole fungicides.
