This study conducted a comparative analysis of the species composition, morphometric characteristics, and abundance of rumen ciliate protozoa in three cattle breeds: Yakutian aboriginal, Simmental, and crossbred. Rumen samples were collected via esophageal probe, fixed in 4% or 10% formalin, and analyzed within 6 hours. Ciliate abundance ranged from 535 to 26,500 individuals/mL, influenced by season and feeding type (roughage for Yakutian cattle, mixed rations for Simmental and crossbred). Bacterial concentrations ranged from 100 million to 10 billion/mL. The highest species diversity (36 species, 12 genera) was observed in Yakutian cattle, including 13 breed -specific species, such as the rare Charonina ventriculi and a previously undescribed Metadinium sp., likely due to adaptation to coarse feed and the cow-calf housing system. Simmental cattle exhibited two specific species, while crossbred cattle lacked specific species. Morphometric analysis revealed significant differences in cell sizes among breeds (p<0.001), with Metadinium medium being the largest ciliate (up to 224.2 µm in length) and Entodinium exiguum the smallest (28.3–36.4 µm). Faunal comparisons using the Jaccard-Malyshev coefficient (Kj– m = 0.67) and the Chekanovsky-Sørensen index (Ics = 40%) indicated the greatest differences between Yakutian and Simmental cattle. Probiotic transplantation (biomass with > < 0.001), with Metadinium medium being the largest ciliate (up to 224.2 µm in length) and Entodinium exiguum the smallest (28.3–36.4 µm). Faunal comparisons using the Jaccard-Malyshev coefficient (Kj– m = 0.67) and the Chekanovsky-Sørensen index (Ics = 40%) indicated the greatest differences between Yakutian and Simmental cattle. Probiotic transplantation (biomass with >5,000 ciliates/mL) from healthy Yakutian donors to three Holstein heifers confirmed the method’s efficacy in normalizing digestion, restoring microbiota postantibiotic therapy, preventing gastrointestinal disorders, enhancing feed digestibility, and improving productivity. The method reduced diarrheal episodes and improved nitrogen balance, highlighting its potential in cattle farming.
The article deals with the problem of the discrepancy between the qualifications of specialists and the requirements of digital transformation of forest management in the context of the introduction of FGIS LC. The necessity of transition from the traditional model of personnel policy to the digital grading system is substantiated. A network-centric model of branch interaction based on a digital competence passport has been developed. Economic and mathematical models for assessing the effectiveness of grading are presented, including the calculation of averted damage and optimization of the wage fund. The economic feasibility of the system implementation has been proved.
The article considers the development of experience in using polymer materials to create a permanent and temporary transport network of logging enterprises. It is shown that this area is promising and requires further research, primarily from the point of view of reducing the cost of temporary collapsible road structures to create temporary transport routes on the territory of the forest fund.
The article examines the possibilities and prospects for the development of reindeer herding in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug using two reindeer herding enterprises as an example. The necessity of modernizing the mechanisms for managing financial and production resources for the rational use of economic and labor assets in reindeer herding is substantiated. An analysis of data from two reindeer herding enterprises shows that different pricing approaches to venison sales prevent the organizations from achieving a sustainable economic environment. An analysis of scientific and technological solutions shows that the inclusion of by-product resources in the production cycle can become a driver for the development of reindeer herding enterprises through the creation of innovative products with added value. These reindeer products can be effectively used in the decorative, food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Thus, measures have been proposed to improve the production of reindeer herding products based on the modernization of the technological cycle and the production of innovative products with added value.
In grain sowing without rows, they use coulters in shape of a tine cultivator, with various types of seed spreaders in coulter cavity. The most promising of them turned out to be spreaders that use the energy of falling seeds. Spreading occurs after the seeds hit a deflector. To increase strip width and improve seed distribution uniformity, it is necessary to change the falling seed direction not by impact, but smoothly, using curved surface of spreader, along which seeds will slide. In this case, the shape of spreader should be a surface of a curvilinear generatrix rotation, which ensures fan-shaped spread of seeds. The aim of the study is to provide theoretical background for efficiency justification of coulter sowing with tine cultivator shaped coulters with seed spreader. The most important parameters for seed spreader design are substantiated. Provisions are given to justify spreader guide radius in under-shaft space, taking into account reduction in seed velocity on descent.
