Based on integrative research, we try to distinguish between the following terms: “sanctions,” “embargo,” “retortions,” “reprisals,” and “countermeasures.” To achieve this goal, we have analyzed the structural and functional characteristics of various restrictive measures. Besides, we have considered the effectiveness of economic restrictions in their historical context. Furthermore, we have confirmed that economic restrictions, despite their active use, are politically and economically inefficient tools for international cooperation. The most important results include conclusions based on a broad historical context and analysis of the nature of restrictive measures. These conclusions indicate that the imposition of restrictive measures as methods of exerting pressure by some states on others is not an effective mechanism for improving the international situation. This situation also leads to negative economic consequences, including the countries initiating such actions and those joining them.
Introduction The factor VIII (FVIII)-mimetic bispecific monoclonal antibody, emicizumab, previously approved for prophylaxis in haemophilia A with inhibitors, has been recently licensed in several countries also in patients with severe haemophilia A (PWSHA) without inhibitors. The introduction of this innovative agent requires the development of specific pathways at Haemophilia Treatment Centres (HTC), particularly regarding laboratory testing and treatment of breakthrough bleeds and invasive procedures/surgeries, even more critical when patients are managed by non-specialist professionals. Limited literature data and clinical experience in PWSHA without inhibitors on emicizumab are currently available. Aim To promote awareness and overcome these challenges, the Italian Association of Haemophilia Centres (AICE) issued a guidance on the management of PWSHA without inhibitors on emicizumab prophylaxis, focused on emergency and shared with other National Scientific Societies in the field. Methods The document, drafted by an AICE expert panel and approved through online consultation, was further revised by a multidisciplinary working group, including members of 5 haemostasis, laboratory and emergency scientific societies. The final version was approved by the Council of each society. Results General recommendations about use of FVIII concentrates for the treatment of bleeding or haemostatic coverage of invasive procedures/surgeries and laboratory monitoring in PWSHA without inhibitors on emicizumab are provided. Specific issues of the management in the emergency room are focused, highlighting the need for direct involvement or formalized supervision by specialist HTC physicians. Conclusions This guidance provides a reference pathway to be implemented in the different healthcare organizations, especially for the challenging emergency management in this setting.
ABSTRACT Digitization and its impact on regions and clusters remains overlooked in the literature, and constitute this present paper’s goal. How does an industrial district transit collectively to the adoption of new radical changes brought about by Industry 4.0? This study explores the role of collective actors and innovation platforms during the early stages of a pilot policy to stimulate a collective transition of an entire MID (Marshallian Industrial District) into Industry 4.0. We posit that institutional isomorphism and the existent social capital in MIDs is a double-sword phenomenon that can also positively constitute an enabler for fostering change on a collective-basis. Technology transitions, such as Industry 4.0, can be supported and led by collective actors that are central in facilitating the adoption of Industry 4.0 in MIDs, enticing innovative firms to engage in that transition, establishing, legitimizing, and embedding a new set of processes, practices and inter-firm arrangements for digitizing and then promoting imitation: the positive leverage of isomorphism. Thus, MID transition is facilitated through capitalizing on the MID logic of cooperation-competition and isomorphism, by developing and promoting a collective understanding of the new paradigm, building a supportive infrastructure, educating in the new technology and avoiding cognitive inertia.
The article deals with the development of the primary education system on the territory of the Kuban Cossack army in 1803-1917 years. This part focuses on the period from the end of the XIX century to 1908 (before the introduction of all-russian primary education). The russian scientific literature on the history of public education in the Caucasus, and in particular in the Kuban region (the modern territory of the Krasnodar Krai, Russian Federation) was used as materials. The methodological basis of the study was the traditional historiography principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. In the process of work the following methods were used - problem-chronological, which allowed to study some facts of the development of the system of public education in the Kuban region in chronological order, and the problems in the order of their receipt. Thanks to this method some characteristic features of development of school business both on the territory of the Kuban region, and as in the Caucasus a whole were revealed. In conclusion, the authors state that for 14 years, in the period from 1894 to 1908, the number of students in the Kuban region has increased more than 3 times - from 34 thousand to 140 thousand. The number of educational institutions has more than doubled. The average number of students in one school in the Kuban region increased by 50 %. All this in general allowed in the period from 1902 to 1908 to increase the number of literate population in the Kuban region by 50 % (from 212 thousand to 371 thousand people).
The article touches upon the problem of improving the labor standardization system, which requires regular updating of automation systems that reduce labor intensity and increase productivity of specialists in labor regulation and organization. The study is aimed at reducing labor costs while increasing productivity. There has been proved the urgency of creating the complex software at the industrial enterprise, which will cover the development of standards of numbers and will provide analyzing standard numbers on the entire enterprise involving the production personnel. There is presented a description of the Software complex of automated data processing and primary documentation to justify the number of employees of the industrial enterprise. The application of the Software complex allows to avoid the duplication of functions by different structural units of the enterprise, to exclude the “loss” factor of management functions of the structural unit specified by the regulations and to form output documents in different formats (Microsoft Excel, Microsoft Word, etc.). There have been listed the main stages of the studied software: setting the problem; developing the requirements for the system functionality; digitization of normative documentation, development of a database structure for storing information; creating subsystems, interconnections between them and system layout; GUI development and approval of instructions for working with the system, rules for each role of the system; trial operation, refinement of the system according to test results. Some analytical forms developed manually in Microsoft Office Excel or using other software products are considered. It is noted that, in addition to analytical forms, the project provides different types of data visual presentation, helps to select the values of indicators along the axes, to build various diagrams and to print the needed form.
