We study the n-dimensional Lotka–Volterra systemsxi˙=xi(∑j=1naijxj+bi),i=1,…,n,in Rn, where aij,bi∈R. A necessary and sufficient condition is obtained for the existence of a Darboux invariant of the form e−st∏i=1nxiℓi with s ≠ 0 for such systems. Based on this condition, the Lotka–Volterra systems are divided into three classes. For each class, we establish results on the existence of equilibrium points, bounded orbits, periodic orbits, and first integrals.
In health research, communities rarely receive findings in a form they can use. This problem is more complex in social network research, where findings are both relational and individual. The challenge compounds in rural, underserved settings, where low health literacy and limited exposure to scientific visualization severely constrain how results can be communicated. As part of a longitudinal personal network project on primary cancer prevention in rural areas, we developed an art gallery to return findings to the community. The installation was framed as a performative intervention that made relational structures visible, inviting awareness and reflection. It comprised seven digitally printed canvases and a three-dimensional network sculpture. Each item presented a level of social organization (personal network, household, community structure, socio-spatial concentration, and food culture) through designs intended for non-specialist viewers and supported by facilitation. The three-day exhibition attracted 103 visitors, all of whom rated its utility highly. It also revealed how the community reacted to findings about their rural context. This exploratory single-site study supports three lessons: linking each canvas to a single analytical level aided reading, the order of presentation helped viewers build a basic vocabulary for network visualization, and facilitation, more than the canvases alone, carried the interpretive work. Limitations include a single installation and ratings that seem to reflect acceptability and acquiescence rather than comprehension. Future work should directly evaluate understanding, compare reception across sites, and test refinements such as written legends. We describe a working approach, not a validated framework.
Cruise tourism sustainability discourse prioritises vessel level innovation, marginalising destination level social ecological impacts. To address this, we develop a structured literature based conceptual model of cruise mobility as a coupled global and local social ecological system. Supported by AI assisted extraction and synthesis of multidisciplinary literature, this paper constructs a governance-oriented framework. The analysis identifies two interacting dynamics: a reinforcing expansion loop where revenues stimulate infrastructure and deepen dependency, and a degrading acceptance loop where cumulative stress erodes tolerance. Presented as heuristic formalisation devices, these loops help explain why vessel efficiency alone cannot prevent destination level degradation. We translate these findings into a five-pillar governance framework featuring capacity thresholds, social monitoring, economic diversification, power rebalancing, and multi-level coordination. This shifts attention from ship focused compliance towards destination embedded sustainability governance.
To address growing computational demands, energy-efficient hardware technologies such as spintronics and neuromorphic computing have attracted significant interest. In particular, magneto-ionics offers a low-power, non-volatile approach to control magnetic properties, making it particularly suitable for manipulating antiferromagnetic (AFM) materials. In this work, we report magneto-ionic control of exchange bias (EB) in Mn1-xCoxN/Co with a compositionally tunable N & eacute;el temperature, T-N. The high T-N in MnN (> 650 K) typically necessitates high-temperature annealing, which triggers uncontrolled thermally induced ion-motion effects. Addition of Co to MnN reduces T-N, enabling robust EB to be established after field cooling from 400 K, while preserving structural integrity. Importantly, EB can be subsequently tuned by voltage, up to a 30% enhancement observed at 100 K alongside an increase in saturation magnetization (up to approximate to 250 emu cm(-3)). Unlike previous works on similar single-layer nitrides, incorporating an additional ferromagnetic Co layer to form an AFM/ferromagnetic bilayer amplifies the voltage-induced effects. This work highlights the dual role of Co addition to MnN: (i) reducing the thermal requirements for setting EB by lowering T-N, and (ii) enhancing electrical control of EB. These results represent a step forward towards the development of low-power voltage-controlled spintronic devices. (c) 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )
Over the past decade, recombinant protein therapeutics have moved from conventional biologics toward highly engineered, multifunctional versions. Enabled by innovations in synthetic biology, host cell engineering, and bioprocess optimization, proteins are increasingly viewed not only as drugs for replacement therapies but also as fully versatile platforms in innovative therapeutic approaches aiming at functional reprogramming. Advances in host systems, from optimized microbial strains to mammalian and plant-based platforms, have expanded the range of proteins that can be produced with high fidelity, scalability, and safety. In parallel, modular protein engineering has delivered next-generation formats, including bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, fusion proteins, and self-assembling biomaterials, broadening therapeutic applications across oncology, inflammation, metabolic disorders, and beyond. At the same time, regulatory frameworks are adapting to support accelerated approval of personalized and complex biologics, while decentralized and flexible manufacturing models begin to emerge. This review provides a 2025 update on the field of recombinant protein drugs, integrating advances in production platforms, protein engineering, and regulatory science, and outlining how these technologies are shaping the next generation of biologics.
