The classical Newtonian potentials, defined in terms of metrics, give rise to the basic family of kernels defining linear integral operators and posing the fundamental problems of linear harmonic analysis. When the binary character of a metric on a set is naturally generalized to the (k+1)-ary character of hypermetric on the set, we obtain families of kernels of k+1 variables leading to multilinear integral operators of order k or k-linear operators. In this paper we consider the problem of multilinear approximation to the multilinear identity through potentials built on hypermetrics in the general setting of spaces of homogeneous type.
This study analyzes how the dispersion of prior online ratings influences individual rating behavior in digital review platforms. Drawing on social learning theory, social conformity, and prospect theory, the empirical application examines over 3 million restaurant reviews in New York City (2010–2024). Using fixed-effects regression models, the results show that greater variance in prior ratings weakens the anchoring effect of the average, leading individuals to post more divergent evaluations. The results reveal a valence-based asymmetry in social influence, where informational ambiguity reduces conformity, especially in the loss domain. This finding represents an important theoretical contribution by demonstrating that prior rating variance functions as a contextual moderator of social influence, thereby introducing asymmetry into the conformity process.
The improper management of plastic waste remains a critical global environmental issue, posing severe risks to marine ecosystems, wildlife, and human health. Plastic, due to its long decomposition period spanning hundreds of years, causes persistent ecological damage. Despite growing awareness, inadequate handling of plastic waste is still prevalent, particularly in developing regions such as Southeast Asia, where rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and population increase exacerbate the problem. This review highlights the potential of recycled plastic composites in advancing sustainable solutions. Incorporating recycled plastic into composites offers multiple advantages, including reduced environmental impact, economic viability, and enhanced material performance. The article comprehensively explores the manufacturing of recycled plastic composites reinforced with fibers, nanoparticles, and their hybrids, emphasizing recent advances and challenges. From this review, (i) Mechanical and chemical recycling remain the most technically mature and industrially established strategies for converting waste plastics into functional composite matrices. (ii) Natural fiber and nanoparticle reinforcements significantly enhance the mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties of recycled plastics, enabling their use in structural and functional applications. (iii) Hybrid reinforcement systems, combining fibers and nanoparticles, offer synergistic improvements in stability, conductivity, and long-term durability compared to single-filler composites. (iv) Emerging surface modification, compatibilization, and green processing techniques are key to improving interfacial adhesion and recyclability. (v) Future research trends focus on developing circular design strategies, integrating life cycle assessment (LCA), and engineering next-generation high-value composites for sustainable manufacturing.
Abstract In this report, we investigated the role and regulation of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) in breast cancer and epirubicin resistance. We generated epirubicin-resistant MCF-7 breast carcinoma (MCF-7-EPIR) cells and found FOXM1 protein levels to be higher in MCF-7-EPIR than in MCF-7 cells and that FOXM1 expression is downregulated by epirubicin in MCF-7 but not in MCF-7-EPIR cells. We also established that there is a loss of p53 function in MCF-7-EPIR cells and that epirubicin represses FOXM1 expression at transcription and gene promoter levels through activation of p53 and repression of E2F activity in MCF-7 cells. Using p53−/− mouse embryo fibroblasts, we showed that p53 is important for epirubicin sensitivity. Moreover, transient promoter transfection assays showed that epirubicin and its cellular effectors p53 and E2F1 modulate FOXM1 transcription through an E2F-binding site located within the proximal promoter region. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis also revealed that epirubicin treatment increases pRB (retinoblastoma protein) and decreases E2F1 recruitment to the FOXM1 promoter region containing the E2F site. We also found ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein and mRNA to be overexpressed in the resistant MCF-7-EPIR cells compared with MCF-7 cells and that epirubicin could activate ATM to promote E2F activity and FOXM1 expression. Furthermore, inhibition of ATM in U2OS cells with caffeine or depletion of ATM in MCF-7-EPIR with short interfering RNAs can resensitize these resistant cells to epirubicin, resulting in downregulation of E2F1 and FOXM1 expression and cell death. In summary, our data show that ATM and p53 coordinately regulate FOXM1 via E2F to modulate epirubicin response and resistance in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(6); 1046–58. ©2011 AACR.
PurposeThis study develops empirically grounded guidance to support the integration of Industry 4.0 and sustainability (S-I4.0) within the supply chains of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs), an often-overlooked segment in digital transformation literature.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs a multiple-case approach to conduct empirical research with six enterprises, three micro/small and three medium-sized, using the analytical lenses of Practice-Based View (PBV) and Dynamic Capabilities Theory (DCT).FindingsThe study presents a ten-step, PDCA-based guide for MSMEs to implement S-I4.0, integrating PBV and DCT theories to enhance firms' ability to sense and respond to external changes, enabling sustainable digital transformation across different enterprise sizes.Research limitations/implicationsWhile offering valuable insights, this research relies on a narrow indicator set and a limited case scope, which may limit generalizability and highlight the value of broader, mixed-method approaches for future studies on MSMEs.Practical implicationsThe framework equips MSME practitioners with a structured and actionable roadmap for implementing S-I4.0, aligning technological innovation with sustainability goals. By addressing the specific challenges faced by MSMEs, it provides context-sensitive, evidence-based guidance to support their transition toward more sustainable and digitally integrated supply chains.Social implicationsThe study equips policymakers and stakeholders to support MSMEs, vital to national economies, by addressing structural challenges and enabling inclusive, sustainable digital transformation, especially in emerging economies where resource constraints and institutional gaps persist.Originality/valueThis study presents an original, empirically validated framework tailored to the distinct characteristics of micro and small enterprises and medium enterprises, addressing a critical gap in theory-driven, practical guidance for MSMEs integrating S-I4.0 into their supply chains.
