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The easiest way to include renewable energy sources in the electrical system is by using a microgrid. Still, addressing the unpredictable character of these natural resources requires a robust control mechanism. In addition to power involvement in the market and support services for the utility grid, the growing penetration of microgrids further complicates interactions with the surroundings. To overcome this issue, a novel Horned Lizard CapsNet Secure System (HLCSS) is designed with the required control and secure features. Primarily, the grid-integrated solar photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are developed in MATLAB. The best solution for the horned lizard process has ensured the optimal PV BESS framework. Finally, the results of the developed method are computed and compared with those of other traditional methods. The proposed method achieves 18.39
The increasing global demand for food drying operations has intensified research on energy-efficient solar drying technologies. Conventional Open Sun Drying (OSD) suffers from inconsistent heating, contamination, and poor product quality, necessitating the development of improved solar drying arrangements. In this research, an experimental investigation was conducted on an Indirect Solar Dryer (ISD) coupled with a Phase Change Material (PCM) enhanced solar air collector, employing paraffin wax embedded with aluminium fins to increase thermal behaviour. Two absorber plate configurations, corrugated and sinusoidal, were evaluated to compare their drying, energy, and environmental performance. The systems, designated as ISDC (corrugated) and ISDS (sinusoidal), were tested for drying bitter gourd slices from the moisture content of 94 % to 12 % w.b. The total drying duration was reduced to 12 hours for ISDC and 11 hours for ISDS, compared to 16 hours in OSD. The PCMintegrated solar collector achieved a mean useful heat gain of 468.52W for the ISDC and 485.14W for the ISDS. An average thermal efficiency of the solar collectors and ISD systems was 24.07 % and 19.11 % for ISDC, and 25.28 % and 19.21 % for ISDS, respectively. The Energy Payback Time (EPT) was 1.61years for ISDC and 1.60 years for ISDS. Over a 40-year operational lifespan, the systems achieved COQ mitigation of 21.78 tonnes and 21.91 tonnes, translating to carbon credit gains of $435.60 and $438.21, respectively. Overall, the ISDS exhibited marginally superior performance, demonstrating that integrating PCM with sinusoidal absorber geometry can enhance the thermal and environmental sustainability of ISD systems.
This study presents an in-depth computational examination of the mixing characteristics of a Mach 1.86 square jet under passive control using an NLT (Nozzle with limiting tab) and NCW (Nozzle with Crosswire). Simulations were conducted over ranges of nozzle pressure ratios (NPR) consisting of 4 through 9 in order to encompass both near design and off design conditions. The three nozzle configurations—uncontrolled jet (UJ), NLT, NCW—were designed to assess their effects on the distribution of the shock structures, core length, and mixing behavior. The numerical estimates have been validated to match empirical measurements documented in the literature and showed close correlations in terms of centerline pressure decay, length of the jet core, and shock-cell structures. The results indicate that jet mixing increases with NPR for all configurations. However, the NLT consistently demonstrates superior mixing performance, producing the steepest centerline pressure decay and the widest jet spread. Quantitatively, the limiting tab reduces the jet core length by up to 75% under overexpanded conditions and by approximately 53% under underexpanded conditions when compared with the uncontrolled jet. Both passive control devices effectively weaken shock strength and shorten the potential core, with the NLT exhibiting the greatest enhancement across all axial and transverse measurement locations. These results showcase the first evidence of passive control and its ability to alter the structure of high-speed jets and provide measurement-based assessment of mixing enhancement in compressible square jets.
In the realm of solar energy collection, the SAH is a popular device. In tentionally roughening the surface of a SAH's duct is a helpful method for increasing heat transfer (HT) to the fluid it passes through. This study aims to use discrete arc roughness in a circular pattern to improve THP in SAHs. The experimental investigation of the SAH was carried out using a discrete arc roughness in a circular design form to ascertain and enhance THP. During testing, the following roughness element factors were used: Reynolds Number, Re = 2975–137,393; angle of arc, α = 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°; p/e = 10–11.67; and W/H = 8. Experiments showed that friction factor (f) and Nusselt Number (Nu) are 2.42 and 2.85 times greater than smooth plate.
Present investigation is aimed to enhance the efficiency of a glazed solar air collector by absorber plate coating with nano-enhanced black paint. Graphene, CuO, and CeO2 were used with black paint as coating material to enhance the thermal conductivity. The experimental analysis showed the absorber's thermal performance and efficiency of heat transmission to surrounding air. It was noticed that thermal efficiency was amended by 3.6
