A conserved germanicol synthase (GNS) lineage exists in Panax; a single methionine-to-asparagine switch at residue 728 controls triterpene scaffold divergence from β-amyrin to germanicol. Triterpenoid scaffold diversification in Panax is governed by oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs); however, it remains unclear whether this genus has the ability to produce noncanonical pentacyclic skeletons. In this study, we functionally characterized a previously unrecognized germanicol synthase (PvOSC9) alongside its paralog, β-amyrin synthase (βAS), known as PvOSC8, from Panax vietnamensis var. fuscidiscus. Structural comparisons reveal a single residue 728 (Asn ↔ Met) that alters carbocation folding trajectories, thereby establishing a minimal molecular switch for scaffold identity. Notably, PvOSC9 is enriched in flowers and responds to jasmonate, suggesting a possible context-dependent role of PvOSC9 in floral tissues. Collectively, these findings broaden the triterpene scaffold repertoire in Panax and offer a mechanistically grounded framework for programmable triterpenoid biosynthesis.
This study used latent profile analysis to identify the profiles of sibling relationships among left-behind children (LBC) in China and determine whether specific relationship profiles are associated with psychosocial adaptation. The participants were 2,150 LBC with siblings. The study identified four profiles: cold–distant, warm–caring, warm–competitive, and intimate–nurturing. The profiles of LBC’s sibling relationships exhibited different characteristics depending on gender, grade, residence, birth order, frequency of parent–child communication, parental differential treatment, and duration of being left-behind. The four profiles differed significantly in terms of psychosocial adaptation. The warm–caring and intimate–nurturing sibling relationships promoted psychosocial adaptation by encouraging social adaptation and self-esteem. In contrast, the cold–distant and warm–competitive sibling relationships were harmful as they induced depression and anxiety.
In the present paper, we investigate the multiplicity of normalized solutions to the following Sobolev supercritical Schr & ouml;dinger equation with potential where , , , , is an unknown parameter which will appear as a Lagrange multiplier, is a mass subcritical and Sobolev subcritical nonlinearity. Under fairly general assumptions about and a global condition about , with the aid of the cutoff technique and Moser iteration, we obtain the multiplicity of normalized solutions about the above equation. Our main contribution is related to the fact that we are able to deal with the case .
In the quest for a sustainable and innovative future, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with Digital Transformation has emerged as a pivotal strategy for businesses navigating the rapidly evolving digital economy. This research explores the dynamic relationship between AI adoption and corporate transformation, with a focus on publicly listed companies in China. Drawing on a multi-theoretical framework-comprising dynamic capabilities theory, the resource-based view, and the technological innovation systems perspective-the study employs robust panel econometric techniques, including Westerlund panel cointegration tests, dynamic panel OLS, and panel vector error correction models, to analyze 3,602 firm-year observations from 2010 to 2020. The results reveal significant long-term cointegration and a bidirectional causality between AI and DT, supporting a mutually reinforcing relationship. Moreover, technology-oriented businesses achieve greater levels of transformation. The findings demonstrate that AI integration significantly influences both current and future corporate transformation, underscoring a mutually beneficial relationship where AI and transformation drive each other. These insights are crucial for enterprises and policymakers aiming to harness the transformative potential of technological innovations.
Ulcerative colitis (UC) prevalence is increasing in Asia, with limited treatment options. Increasing treatment needs for UC warrant exploration of ethnopharmacological resources. This study validated the ethnopharmacological application of the bark of Zanthoxylum myriacanthum var. pubescens (Maqian) (MQEB) for gastrointestinal inflammation by evaluating its dual mechanisms against UC pathogenesis. In vitro analyses employed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells treated with MQEB (10-40 mu g/mL), quantifying cytokine profiles via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vivo studies utilized dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in C57BL/6 mice administered oral MQEB (125, 250, or 500 mg/kg) or salicylazosulfapyridine (SAL, 300 mg/kg), with assessments of disease activity index (DAI), histopathology, tight junction protein expression, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) pathway modulation. MQEB significantly attenuated colitis severity through dose-dependent suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1(3), IL-6, IL-17), inhibition of TLR4/NF-kappa B signaling, and restoration of intestinal barrier integrity via upregulation of tight junction proteins (zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), Claudin5). Safety assessments confirmed absence of hepatorenal toxicity, supporting MQEB as a multi-target botanical therapeutic for UC.
