Bangkok University

This work presents a low-cost optical sensing system based on a guided mode resonance (GMR) sensor for real-time monitoring of mechanical vibrations and structural deformations. The sensor operates by detecting resonance wavelength shift induced by asymmetric optical excitation, which occurs through physical bending of the device. Fabricated on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, the sensor integrates a subwavelength grating via hot embossing method and a tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) waveguide layer deposited by sputtering technique. This configuration allows for high bendability with minimal distortion of the nanoscale structure. Experimental characterization under static edge pressing demonstrates clear resonance dip splitting and displacement-dependent wavelength shifts that align with theoretical predictions following resonance phase matching mechanism. For dynamic testing, a simplified intensity interrogation system using a 635 nm laser diode and a photoresistor detects vibrations simulated by a speaker membrane. The system achieves a dynamic sensitivity of 7.4 μm/V across the frequency range between 5 and 50 Hz with average signal noise of 3.87 μm. Frequency components extracted by Fourier analysis match input signals. The proposed GMR sensor offers a scalable, eco-friendly, and cost-effective solution for structural health monitoring and smart infrastructure applications.

PurposeThis study aims to examine why tourism incentives succeed or fail in community-based tourism (CBT), arguing that their effectiveness hinges not merely on economic logic but on symbolic interpretation. By integrating motivational crowding theory, service-dominant logic and greenwashing literature, this study explores how incentives function either as symbolic reinforcers or sources of moral dissonance - depending on tourists' value orientation.Design/methodology/approachThe study proposes a dual-pathway model that distinguishes symbolic complementarity (value amplification via pro-community incentives) from symbolic substitution (value compensation via tourist-directed incentives). Using a mixed-method design, 1,022 Thai tourists were surveyed, including a focal high-commitment ecotourism subsample (n = 340). Structural equation modeling, multi-group analysis and fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA) were used to test mediation, moderation and configurational hypotheses.FindingsThe study shows that community-oriented incentives enhance engagement by fostering perceived authenticity, which operates as a symbolic complementarity pathway. In contrast, tourist-directed incentives may backfire among high-value ecotourists unless symbolically justified through fairness or community salience. The fsQCA analysis confirms that perceived authenticity and fairness are both necessary and sufficient conditions for engagement, while overt tourist-directed incentives can undermine moral resonance.Originality/valueThis research advances tourism incentive theory by reframing incentives as symbolic artifacts interpreted through moral filters. It introduces a dual-pathway framework and empirically demonstrates symbolic divergence across psychographic segments. The study also deepens theoretical understanding of greenwashing backlash and value co-creation in sustainability-sensitive tourism. Managerially, the study operationalizes this theoretical shift into measurable governance and promotion diagnostics, recommending a dual key performance indicator (KPI) incentive evaluation system that couples conventional economic KPIs with symbolic metrics (e.g. meaning retention, perceived fairness recall and community value capture) to prevent greenwashing inference, sustain CBT governance visibility and preserve a responsible travel aura while optimizing visitor flow or livelihoods. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic):(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(Community-Based Tourism, CBT)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(greenwashing)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)/(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)", (sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic))(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic) 1,022 (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(n = 340).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(SEM),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(fsQCA), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).fsQCA (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(TIPs)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)/(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)"(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)"(sic) KPI "(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)((sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic))(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)CBT (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic), (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic). Dise & ntilde;o de incentivos comunitarios frente a tur & iacute;sticos en el ecoturismo: efectos sobre la autenticidad y el compromisoResumenObjetivoEste estudio examina por qu & eacute; los incentivos tur & iacute;sticos tienen & eacute;xito o fracasan en el turismo comunitario (Community-Based Tourism, CBT), argumentando que su efectividad no depende & uacute;nicamente de la l & oacute;gica econ & oacute;mica, sino tambi & eacute;n de la interpretaci & oacute;n simb & oacute;lica. Mediante la integraci & oacute;n de la teor & iacute;a de la aglomeraci & oacute;n motivacional, la l & oacute;gica dominante del servicio y la literatura sobre greenwashing, este estudio analiza c & oacute;mo los incentivos funcionan como refuerzos simb & oacute;licos o como fuentes de disonancia moral, en funci & oacute;n de la orientaci & oacute;n de valores de los turistas.Dise & ntilde;o/metodolog & iacute;a/enfoqueEl estudio propone un modelo de doble v & iacute;a que distingue entre la complementariedad simb & oacute;lica (amplificaci & oacute;n del valor a trav & eacute;s de incentivos procomunitarios) y la sustituci & oacute;n simb & oacute;lica (compensaci & oacute;n del valor a trav & eacute;s de incentivos dirigidos al turista). Utilizando el dise & ntilde;o de m & eacute;todo mixto, se encuest & oacute; a 1.022 turistas tailandeses, con una submuestra focal de ecoturistas con alto nivel de compromiso (n = 340). Para contrastar las hip & oacute;tesis de mediaci & oacute;n, moderaci & oacute;n y configuraci & oacute;n se emplearon modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM), an & aacute;lisis multigrupo y an & aacute;lisis comparativo cualitativo de conjuntos difusos (fsQCA).ResultadosEl estudio muestra que los incentivos orientados a la comunidad mejoran el compromiso al fortalecer la autenticidad percibida, que funciona como una v & iacute;a de complementariedad simb & oacute;lica. Por el contrario, los incentivos dirigidos al turista pueden resultar contraproducentes entre ecoturistas de alto valor, a menos que est & eacute;n simb & oacute;licamente justificados mediante percepciones de equidad o de centralidad de la comunidad. El an & aacute;lisis fsQCA confirma adem & aacute;s que la autenticidad y la equidad percibidas constituyen condiciones tanto necesarias como suficientes para el compromiso, mientras que los programas de incentivos tur & iacute;sticos excesivamente expl & iacute;citos (TIPs) pueden debilitar la resonancia moral.Originalidad/valorEsta investigaci & oacute;n avanza en la teor & iacute;a de los incentivos tur & iacute;sticos al replantear los incentivos como artefactos simb & oacute;licos interpretados a trav & eacute;s de filtros morales. Introduce un marco de doble v & iacute;a y demuestra emp & iacute;ricamente la divergencia simb & oacute;lica entre segmentos psicogr & aacute;ficos. Asimismo, profundiza en la comprensi & oacute;n te & oacute;rica del rechazo al greenwashing y de la co-creaci & oacute;n de valor en contextos tur & iacute;sticos sensibles a la sostenibilidad. Desde una perspectiva de gesti & oacute;n, el estudio operativiza este giro te & oacute;rico en diagn & oacute;sticos medibles de gobernanza y promoci & oacute;n, recomendando un sistema de evaluaci & oacute;n de incentivos basado en un doble KPI que combine los KPI econ & oacute;micos convencionales con m & eacute;tricas simb & oacute;licas (por ejemplo, retenci & oacute;n de significado, recuerdo de la equidad percibida y captura de valor comunitario), para evi

This study investigates how generative artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates ethical and sustainable travel behaviour in AI-enabled smart urban tourism destinations within the context of urban tourism and smart tourism cities. The study highlights how AI reshapes tourist experiences, decision-making, and ethical engagement in complex, high-density urban environments where digital infrastructures are deeply embedded. The analysis employed an Integrated Generalised Structured Component Analysis to examine structural relationships, which was complemented by a Necessary Condition Analysis in order to identify indispensable prerequisites for behavioural transformation. The results show that perceived AI transparency strongly predicts digital reflexivity, which in turn influences AI-induced place reinterpretation and AI-enabled experience co-creation. Co-creation exerts a stronger effect on ethical travel citizenship than place reinterpretation does, whereas ethical citizenship strongly predicts post-travel AI engagement. The necessary condition analysis results confirm that all constructs function as necessary conditions along the cognitive - affective-behavioural sequence. This study contributes to urban tourism research by offering a novel theoretical integration of the cognitive - affective-behavioural model, the transformative learning theory to explain how AI-mediated interactions in smart tourism cities can transform tourists' ethical orientations and long-term engagement. It also offers practical guidance for tourism practitioners, AI developers, and policymakers in regards to designing transparent and value-sensitive AI tools that promote lasting sustainable travel engagement.

This study investigates the probabilistically sufficient and deterministic necessary conditions that develop regenerative behavior among tourists in coastal destinations. An integrated model was tested using a quantitative approach by drawing on the resource-based view and the goal framing theory. The data from 850 tourists revealed that organized resources, valuable resources, and hedonic goals are both sufficient and deterministically necessary for regenerative behavior. Rare and inimitable resources emerged as essential preconditions. Furthermore, the Combined Importance-Performance Map Analysis identified substantial performance gaps across several constructs, which highlighted critical areas for managerial intervention. The study contributes to the theoretical advancement of regenerative tourism by integrating resource-based view and motivational frameworks through sufficiency and necessity lenses. Practical implications include strategies for destination managers to enhance institutional coordination, emphasize emotionally engaging experiences, and prioritize the protection of valuable, rare, inimitable, and organized resources in order to elevate tourist engagement in regenerative practices.