Bankim Sardar College

India has emerged as one of the fast-growing economies in startups. Along with the impressive growth of unicorns, both in numbers and amount of funds, Indian startups have contributed immensely to skill development and employment generation. Startups are one of the new avenues of ensuring sustainability and thus achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). It generates skills, income, ensures gender empowerment, and overall reaches the bottom of society. From merely around thousands, the number of startups has gone well beyond millions. The skill gap that still persists in startups is the area of concern that fails to meet the expectations of the market and often causes a downfall in investment. But the economic system itself is so robust that even COVID-19 could not harm this sector. With the fast growth of fintech, e-commerce, and education-related startups, the startups in India are expected to do much better than the rest of the world and reach their boom by 2030. This study not only considers all these positive aspects, but it also discusses the possible challenges that this sector could face in the coming days and how it can overcome such challenges.

This concluding chapter synthesizes key findings from the edited volume Globalization, Social Dividend, and Sustainable Development Goals: Shaping a Fairer Future, offering critical insights into the complex interlinkages between globalization, social dividends, and the sustainable development goals Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). Through a multidisciplinary lens, the preceding chapters provide a comprehensive examination of global economic integration, its socio-economic implications, and sustainable development outcomes. The volume explores theoretical and empirical dimensions, covering themes such as global value chains Global Value Chains (GVC), income inequality, decent work, gender disparities, financial inclusion, climate-induced migration, environmental justice, and corporate sustainability. The analyses emphasize how globalization shapes labor markets, financial systems, and ecological sustainability while presenting policy challenges and opportunities. Moreover, country-specific studies highlight the localized impact of globalization, such as the role of women-led self-help groups in India, entrepreneurial innovation in Bhutanese small- and medium-sized enterprises Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME), financial inclusion’s role in economic resilience, and the investment climate for circular bioeconomy in emerging economies. These case studies underscore the necessity of tailored policy approaches that align global economic trends with national development priorities. The chapter concludes by outlining crucial areas for future research, particularly the long-term consequences of accelerated globalization, intersectional approaches to vulnerability, and the potential of digital technologies to promote inclusive development. By integrating theoretical perspectives with empirical evidence and policy analysis, this volume stresses the importance of collaborative global efforts to achieve sustainable and equitable development.

The present study examines how G-20 countries are progressing towards sustainable development goals (SDGs), focusing on reducing emissions by shifting from non-renewable to renewable energy sources. Given that G-20 economies account for around 85% of global gross domestic product (GDP), 66% of the world’s population, and 75% of international trade, their role is crucial in shaping global environmental outcomes. A key tension explored is whether emission reduction can go hand in hand with economic growth, particularly industrial expansion. While nations acknowledge the need for cleaner energy, the practical commitment to this transition remains under scrutiny. To investigate this, the present study analyses data from 2000 to 2022 using three convergence methods – absolute beta convergence is used for assessing whether G-20 countries are reducing non-renewable energy use over time. Conditional beta convergence considers growth of industrial output as an important factor and sees if convergence still holds when this factor is held constant. Sigma convergence is used for checking if the variation in energy use across countries is narrowing. Findings reveal that G-20 countries have, on average, reduced their total non-renewable energy consumption – both in absolute terms and when industrial growth is accounted for. The presence of sigma convergence further suggests that nations are adopting renewable energy in a more uniform way. Hence, while economic growth remains a priority, G-20 countries are showing measurable progress in transitioning towards cleaner energy, indicating a potential alignment between sustainability and development goals.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and application of its various aspects have been increasingly becoming a necessity for every stakeholder in education. The rapid application of AI in every sphere of life has made it an interesting element in education, and the pace at which such application has been growing, it is certainly going to become compulsory for everybody – whether it is teachers or students. But in developing economies is it possible to educate everyone with AI and its application? What role can the government play in this regard? What role can the families play? Or, why is it necessary to learn AI for the stakeholders? What impact can it have on the labour market? All these things need to be understood and investigated. This study looks to capture all the aspects of the above-discussed areas by the help of a general equilibrium framework followed by a contingent valuation (CV) analysis, considering the perception of stakeholders of higher education, regarding the necessity of learning AI. The general equilibrium model depicts different outcomes regarding existence or abolishment of economic sectors in the presence of AI, under different conditions. By CV model, we consider the use-value of AI in regular life among the stakeholders of higher education. It shows different socio-economic factors are significant behind one's willingness or non-willingness in learning AI. Consideration of different stakeholders and policy-setters of higher education in developing economies under one umbrella and analysing the overall impact in a single study is unique and deserves significance.

This article focuses on the study of zero-divisor graph Γ(C(X)P), annihilator graph AG(C(X)P) and weakly zero-divisor graph WΓ(C(X)P) on the ring C(X)P of all real-valued functions on a topological space X that are continuous outside a member of an ideal P of closed subsets of X. We establish that if C(X)P properly contains the ring C(X) of real-valued continuous functions on X, then the radius of Γ(C(X)P) is 2 and it is not triangulated. Moreover, in this situation, both Γ(C(X)P) and AG(C(X)P) are not hypertriangulated and the dominating number of AG(C(X)P) is 2. Furthermore, WΓ(C(X)P) fails to be a complete graph under the hypothesis C(X)P⫌C(X). We establish a connection between the complemented-ness of Γ(C(X)P) and the Von-Neumann regularity of C(X)P under the assumption that C(X)P⊇{χ{p}:p∈X}. We realise that any two of these three graphs coincide if and only if |X|=2 and in this case, the graphs are complete bipartite. We also note that the phenomena of WΓ(C(X)P) being triangulated, hypertriangulated and complemented depend solely on the cardinality of X.