Cancer is a leading cause of fatality worldwide, and current therapies often lack specificity and cause burdensome toxic manifestations. Nanomedicines show great promise in cancer therapy, with graphene quantum dots (GQDs) offering strong potential for both treatment and bioimaging due to their unique properties. Efficient uptake, favorable biocompatibility and biodistribution, surface functionalization, controllable photoluminescence, and prolonged release profile make them promising for cancer therapy. GQD-mediated drug delivery shows promise against diverse cancer types via targeted drug release, photothermal ablation, pHresponsive delivery, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These state-of-the-art carbon-based nanostructures have the potential to revolutionize the landscape of cancer therapeutics. This article reviews the expanding role of GQDs in anticancer drug delivery. It further provides a glimpse into relevant theranostic applications. It further attempts to summarize current challenges and regulatory perspectives regarding GQDs in anticancer theranostics.
Perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) have emerged as promising materials for photocatalytic applications due to their superior optoelectronic properties. Nevertheless, a detailed understanding of charge carrier separation and interfacial charge transfer remains dynamics are crucial for optimizing their photocatalytic and photovoltaic performance. In this work, the charge-transfer dynamics between MA0.5Cs0.5PbBr3 nanocrystals and 8-aminoqui-noline (AQ) were investigated using steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy. Femtosecond photoluminescence upconversion measurements revealed ultrafast hot-carrier cooling with a rate 1.89 & times; 1012 s-1, indicating rapid relaxation of photogenerated carriers to the band edge. Energy-level analysis demonstrates that hole transfer from photoexcited PNCs to AQ is the dominant quenching pathway. The quenching mechanism involves two distinct processes: an ultrafast hot-hole transfer occurring on the picosecond timescale for AQ molecules located in the immediate vicinity of the nanocrystal surface, and a slower band-edge hole transfer mediated by diffusion-controlled interactions with AQ molecules distributed farther from the surface on the nanosecond timescale. The hot and band edge hole transfer rate, estimated from the time resolved PL measurements 1.23 & times; 1012 s-1 and 2.3 & times;1010 s-1 respectively. Furthermore, the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of the PNC-AQ system shows a strong dependence on excitation wavelength and quencher concentration. To predict the PLQY at any given excitation and AQ concentration, machine learning-based soft computing techniques, including fuzzy logic, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), were employed. Among these approaches, ANFIS provided the best predictive performance, closely reproducing the experimentally measured PLQY values.
Ferroresonance is a nonlinear phenomenon capable of producing sustained overvoltages in power systems due to the interaction between system capacitance and the nonlinear magnetizing characteristics of transformers. This paper presents the development of a controlled laboratory platform for the experimental realization and analysis of ferroresonance in a transformer-capacitor circuit. The required series capacitance was determined using Rudenberg's graphical method, and protective arrangements are incorporated to ensure safe operation during high-voltage conditions. Experimental results confirm the successful initiation of ferroresonance and reveal a distinct jump phenomenon at a particular voltage. Bistable behavior is observed near the transition region, where ferroresonant and non-ferroresonant responses coexist under identical supply conditions. It is further found that the time required to reach steady-state ferroresonance decreases with increasing supply voltage. To support the experimental findings, the transformer's nonlinear magnetization characteristic is derived from open-circuit test data and used to formulate the governing nonlinear differential equations of the system. A numerical simulation predicts the ferroresonance transition at a voltage, in close agreement with the experimental observation. The minor deviation is attributed to practical non-idealities that the model does not fully capture. The strong correlation validates the proposed nonlinear framework and provides deeper insight into ferroresonance dynamics.
The present study realizes the lack of research reports pertaining to the dynamic behavior of abutments and bents of integral bridges and thus aims at exploring the seismic response of the abutments and bents of a two-span RC box-girder integral bridge with variations in the radius of curvature from 75 m to 200 m and degrees of skewness from 0° to 70°. The 3-dimensional models, anchored to piles which extend into soil of two categories up to various depths, are created using Midas Civil 2024 [1], a Finite Element based software. Response spectrum analysis is conducted following IRC: SP: 114 – 2018[2] guidelines to adhere to the context of Indian subcontinent. The present work utilizes the earthquake data of the Bhatwari event that occurred on October 19, 1991. The study concludes that longitudinal and transverse moments under longitudinal and transverse seismic excitations are the most dominant moment demands for abutment and bents. The study also identifies a range of radius of curvature as the zone where most of the fluctuations in seismic response occurs. An indication is also provided that codal recommendation of restricting skewness to 30° might be over-conservative. Thus, this study aims at proposing design guidelines for abutment and bents in integral bridges considering the cases where there is no backfill and when backfill exists.
The growing environmental and toxicological concerns associated with conventional crosslinkers have driven a transition toward sustainable alternatives in hydrogel fabrication. This review highlights recent advances in green crosslinking technologies, analyzing their mechanisms, performance, and industrial potential within the global crosslinking market, valued at USD 9.9 billion in 2023 and projected to reach USD 13.6 billion by 2028. Green crosslinkers are categorized into three classes: natural agents from renewable biological sources, synthetic green crosslinkers with enhanced biocompatibility, and biodegradable agents designed for controlled degradation. Mechanistic pathways include Schiff base chemistry, esterification, ionic and hydrogen-bond interactions, and enzymatic catalysis with transglutaminase or horseradish peroxidase. Performance data underscore their advantages. Genipin shows 5000–10,000-fold lower cytotoxicity than glutaraldehyde while offering higher thermal stability (268.45 °C vs. 251.67 °C). Life cycle analyses demonstrate 30–50
