Bonneville Power Administration

ABSTRACT: Rock surface roughness influences strength, stiffness, and fluid flow dynamics. Roughness algorithms, classified as either Euclidian or fractal, have been used to quantify roughness through computing roughness indices. Because of the complexity of the microtopography of the rock surface, it is difficult to put into context the meaning of a roughness index. The purpose of this study is to visualize roughness indices of simple simulated rough surfaces in amplitude-frequency space. We used a 1000 mm sine wave with varying amplitudes and frequencies to simulate the rough surface. Five Euclidian roughness algorithms were used to quantify the roughness. To visualize these methods, simulated wavy profiles were created using sine waves with specific bounds to capture both the waviness and unevenness of a profile. The findings highlight the superior performance of the Z2 and Mean Absolute Angle algorithms while indicating that care should be taken when using the Sinuosity to assess low frequency (<2 Hz) and low amplitude (<2 mm) profiles, and Root Mean Square, and Energy algorithms when assessing high frequency (>1 Hz) profiles. 1. INTRODUCTION Roughness is a parameter that is ubiquitous across many science and engineering fields. Surface roughness is a controlling factor in the strength, stiffness, and fluid flow properties and an assessment tool for weathering. The separate works of Patton and Barton are fundamental to understanding and quantifying rock roughness. Patton (1966) introduced the concept of two length-based roughness scales of rock joints. Waviness or large-scale roughness occurs on a decimeter-to-meter scale, and unevenness or small-scale roughness occurs on a millimeter-to-centimeter scale. Waviness is low-frequency and high amplitude, whereas unevenness is high-frequency and low amplitude. Barton (1973) and Barton and Choubey (1977) introduced the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) parameter. The later reference provided the first visualization of a rock profile linked to a roughness index (JRC), which prompted new research efforts to quantify roughness. Contact and non-contact methods were developed to measure surface microtopography. Existing roughness algorithms were applied to quantify the JRC profiles and natural rock surfaces. More importantly, new roughness algorithms were and are continuously being developed. Methods to quantify rock surface roughness are categorized into Euclidean geometry methods, fractal geometry methods, and empirical methods. The Euclidean geometry methods, 2D and 3D, are further classified as statistical, amplitude-based, slope-based, and amplitude-and-slope-based methods (Kulatilake and Ankah, 2023). These authors state Euclidian geometry methods are ill-suited to accurately represent the highly erratic rock joint surfaces. These methods are still extensively used because they are less complex than fractal geometry. Artificial intelligence, specifically deep learning, has recently been used to assess rock joint roughness (Zhang et al., 2023).

El presente trabajo se titula Sistema de Costo basado en procesos y actividades para la CPA Mártires de Granada, cuyo objetivo fundamental es Diseñar un sistema de costo basado en proceso y actividades para la CPA Mártires de Granada que contribuya a la toma de decisiones de la Junta. El municipio Florida, tiene dos centrales y vastas extensiones de suelos dedicados a la caña de azúcar no se explotan por estar infestados de plantas leñosas no deseables, de ahí que muchas unidades productoras tienen costos elevados y bajos rendimientos. Conllevando a que se encuentren en estado crítico. Se hace necesario el perfeccionamiento del sistema de costos así como la política de precios establecida concretando el contenido, estructura y la aplicabilidad de la ficha de precio/costo en la unidad y por extensión al municipio de Florida para futuras adecuaciones de los mismos que impide el avance de ese renglón tan importante para el país. En la investigación se pretende resolver por la vía científico metodológica el siguiente problema: ¿Cómo controlar los recursos de la Cooperativa Mártires de Granada para contribuir a la toma de decisiones de la Junta Directiva Para ello en la investigación se traza como objetivo: Diseñar un sistema de costo basado en proceso y actividades para la CPA Mártires de Granada que contribuya a la toma de decisiones de la Junta Directiva.

In the technology and design industries, one product builds on another: A smart television enhances a smart phone. However, due to complementary features, the utility that is gained by owning both products from the same firm is greater than the sum of the two products’ utility if purchased from separate firms. Aftermarkets suggest that the margins of the second product would increase. Instead, we show that the firms’ complementary utility offset each other, which results in reduced prices. Further, consumer purchase behavior is a function of the product release order; given a different release schedule, some consumers would purchase from a different company.

This paper introduces a novel protection principle for lines connected to the bulk power system at one end (system terminal) and terminated exclusively on power transformers or current-limiting reactors at the other end (transformer terminal). The new protection principle operates as fast as 1 to 2 ms and covers the entire line length without the need for a protection channel. The new principle is based on the current traveling-wave magnitude measured at the system terminal of the line

The effect of sample synchronization on analog samples based differential protection is well known and understood. Sampling must be synchronized within an acceptable margin and samples taken at the same time, i.e., samples with equal timestamp values, are used in differential calculations. Given the importance of accurate synchronization, protective relays normally use supplementary information included with distributed time to determine time quality. But what if valid quality is sent with invalid time, and the relays are unaware of this ? An analysis of two 500KV line operations on California Oregon Intertie (COI) lines, both of which occurred on February 5, 2021, 15 minutes apart, led to answering the above question in great level of details. These events were re-created in multiple laboratories for testing and detailed investigations to determine the exact cause and effect sequence and the true root cause. Details of these investigations including field event records, synchronization and communication mechanisms, clock and relays behaviors, per the implemented algorithms are presented and explained in the paper. Thanks to the in-depth embedded debugging capabilities, root cause was conclusively determined for both events, using per message-based indicators and debugging data. Specifics of this detailed analysis, conclusions made, and corrective actions suggested are covered.