HfS2 is a layered semiconductor for electronic and optoelectronic applications, but humidity-assisted native oxidation limits its ambient stability. Raman spectroscopy probes HfS2 degradation but is time-consuming and condition-sensitive. Here, we revisit a previously reported HfS2 aging dataset to develop a Raman-calibrated image-based framework for rapid, non-destructive screening of CVD-grown HfS2 films on c-plane sapphire. Photographs collected under a documented configuration yielded predefined color, histogram, texture, and spatial descriptors. A simple, interpretable regression using only CIE Lab b* with physical-range clipping achieved a within-library, query-excluded leave-one-day-out RMSE of 6.78 days for 21 queries from three optically evolving conditions: native HfS2 at 35% and 70% RH and PMMA-capped HfS2 at 70% RH. The b*-based model performed comparably to kNN (7.70 days) and significantly better than a no-information pool-mean baseline (9.84 days, p = 0.0030), indicating that more complex estimators provided no clear benefit in the present dataset. Under leave-one-pair-out evaluation of 20 image-Raman pairs, the combined image-derived estimate showed a trend-level relationship with measured normalized A1g intensity (R2 = 0.600), while ΔE gave the best individual result (R2 = 0.701). The framework identified its limits: severe degradation of native HfS2 at 70% RH was underestimated, whereas Al2O3-encapsulated HfS2 showed insufficient optical evolution for reliable chronological estimation. Accordingly, this material- and configuration-specific method is a proof-of-concept screening framework, not a universal dating model or a substitute for Raman spectroscopy. Within this scope, controlled photography provides interpretable pre-screening of broad aging states and prioritizes samples for Raman or chemical analysis.
This article investigates the role of cultural theory (CT) in explaining attitudes towards solar radiation management (SRM) in the US. Partisanship traditionally provides a clear lens through which to view favourability to climate change policies; however, the lack of partisan attention to geoengineering policies, such as SRM, suggests other belief systems may be better explainers of attitudes. Previously, scholars have found climate attitudes to vary based upon cultural types, which are a function of how individuals see the role of authority in policy making and the extent to which individuals see themselves as part of a social unit. We find that partisanship is a weak predictor of SRM attitudes, while cultural affinities provide strong influences over SRM attitudes. Specifically, we find strong group affinities (particularly egalitarians) to lead to more favourable impressions of SRM research and deployment in the case of climate emergencies. Attitudes towards hierarchy, specifically cultural affinities that disfavour hierarchy, explain SRM scepticism. We contrast these results with a separate analysis of more widely known mitigation policies: carbon taxes, regulations on carbon emissions, taxes on higher income earners for green investment, and carbon cap and trade. For these better-known policy positions, partisanship is far more important. Our work contributes to the application of CT to policy attitudes as well as to explaining the shifting landscape of attitudes towards geoengineering and a variety of climate mitigation policies.
Marine paleoclimate records for the last 1,000 years are scarce in the southwest Pacific, limiting our understanding of complex environmental changes that may have affected MaAori seascapes and fisheries. We seek to begin filling this knowledge gap by studying stable oxygen (delta 18O) and carbon (delta 13C) isotopes in archaeological and modern otoliths from ta mure (Australasian snapper, Chrysophrys auratus), which provide information about water temperature, salinity, and fish diet and metabolism. Our results show that fourteenth and fifteenth century ta mure otoliths recorded environmental conditions that are comparable to twentieth century temperatures, with some evidence for anomalously warmer seas and/or higher precipitation during the fifteenth century. These findings are concordant with previous reconstructions of terrestrial climatic conditions in northern Aotearoa and of central west Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures, providing additional evidence that MaAori experienced a warm climatic period during their first centuries of habitation and fishing in the North Island.
Cyberbullying is a major concern in youth digital environments. Using PRISMA-guided procedures and Walker and Avant's concept analysis framework, we systematically reviewed definitions of cyberbullying published between 2000 and 2024. Searches across four databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus) identified 1,536 records. After duplicate removal and multistage screening, 43 peer-reviewed studies met the final inclusion criteria. Across these studies, eight recurrent attributes were coded: electronic or digital mediation, aggressive behavior, willfulness or intentionality, repetition or persistence, harm, accessibility or ubiquity, anonymity, and power imbalance. The findings show substantial variation in how several attributes, particularly intentionality, repetition, anonymity, and power imbalance, were defined or emphasized across studies. Based on these patterns, this review offers an interpretive refinement of cyberbullying's defining attributes to better reflect contemporary digital environments. By documenting definitional change over time, this study provides a clearer conceptual foundation for future youth-focused research, policy, and practice.
Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers were deployed in four tidal creeks within forested swamps and herbaceous marshes in the lower Columbia River. Measurements were collected over 12 to 20-day periods during high and low river stage, and then analyzed using wavelet tidal analysis software (CWT_Multi) to characterize temporal variability of water elevation, velocity, and discharge. While subject to similar fluvial and tidal forcing, nuances in creek geometry led to large differences in their hydraulic response. Most obviously, creeks in the higher elevation forested swamps were hydraulically isolated, which limited subtidal discharge but increased tidal monthly variability of discharge in comparison to the lower elevation marsh sites. Discharge in the marshes was ebb-dominant (3:1 ebb: flood ratio), while discharge at the forested sites was slightly flood dominant during neap tides and ebb dominant during spring tides. Net discharge over a 12-day period exceeded 1,000,000 m3 for the marsh sites but was less than 200,000 m3 for the forested sites. These transport patterns set limits on sediment dynamics, fish ingress, and material fluxes from these habitat types. Comparison to the literature on tidal creeks highlights the distinctive nature of tidal freshwater wetlands in mixed-tide environments of the lower Columbia River, which are more ebb-dominant (due to diurnal-semidiurnal tidal phase relationships), fluvially influenced, and temporally variable (due both to fluvial input and non-stationary tidal asymmetry) than saltmarsh counterparts in semidiurnal environments. Finally, we demonstrate how wavelet analysis of water levels can be used to extend velocity and discharge records, thereby facilitating long-term monitoring of wetlands.
