The Bulgarian National Bank (Bulgarian: Българска народна банка, romanized: Balgarska narodna banka, IPA: [ˈbɤɫɡɐrskɐ nɐˈrɔdnɐ ˈbaŋkɐ]) is the central bank of the Republic of Bulgaria with its headquarters in Sofia. The BNB was established on 25 January 1879.It is an independent institution responsible for issuing all banknotes and coins in the country, overseeing and regulating the banking sector and keeping the government's currency reserves. The BNB is also the sole owner of the Bulgarian Mint. The governor is Dimitar Radev. The bank has a key role in Bulgarian economy. Since October 1, 2007 the bank is a member of European system of central banks. The governor of BNB is a member of General Assembly of European central bank. It is the 13 oldest central bank in the world.
This article explores how structural policy volatility is reshaping the global economic environment and the implications for public investors, with a particular focus on Bulgaria’s forthcoming accession to the euro area. It outlines the conceptual framework central banks must adopt in the face of systemic uncertainty and evaluates Bulgaria’s foreign exchange reserve strategy, investment governance, and institutional preparedness. The analysis argues that euro adoption is both a stabilizing anchor and a strategic necessity for Bulgaria amid intensifying geopolitical and financial fragmentation.
This article explores how structural policy volatility is reshaping the global economic environment and the implications for public investors, with a particular focus on Bulgaria’s forthcoming accession to the euro area. It outlines the conceptual framework central banks must adopt in the face of systemic uncertainty and evaluates Bulgaria’s foreign exchange reserve strategy, investment governance, and institutional preparedness. The analysis argues that euro adoption is both a stabilizing anchor and a strategic necessity for Bulgaria amid intensifying geopolitical and financial fragmentation.
In this paper a new approach is presented for improved storage of facial biometrics in banking that is aimed at enhancing fraud detection capabilities. Fraudulent activity in the banking sector is becoming more and more overwhelming. Building of resilience strategy is recommended as well as microservice architecture for the biometric system. Efficient storage of facial biometrics in banking storage system that involves digital watermarking of personal identification documents and blockchain. The proposed algorithm delivers enhanced capabilities for cyber resilience in fraud detection as well as image watermarking with promising results in terms of quality.
Abstract The objectives of the repair, maintenance and rehabilitation of the road network in mountainous terrains focus on the study of the structural condition of the rock slopes. An innovative approach to structural mapping and analysis was implemented within the framework of a survey project for a road section of road II-35 Troyan-Karnare, known as “BEKLEMETO”. This section begins with a long and steep descent from the Beklemeto saddle (at 1,525.5 m above sea level), passes through numerous bends on the southern rocky slope of the mountain and after 22.7 km descends into the northwestern part of the Karlovska valley, to the village of Karnare (at 562 m above sea level). The study of the structural disturbance provides an opportunity to present the groups of joints that have developed intensively on the rock slopes passing near the Republic Road II-35 in the section between Beklemeto and Karnare. Over the years, these slopes have been subjected to weathering, erosion and collapse processes, which have led to changes in the physical and mechanical properties of the rocks forming the slopes. The technology of mobile ground laser scanning, which is a suitable method for covering the complex characteristics of the terrain, was chosen for the research. The implementation of this technology was carried out through an integrated complex. Using this method, a total of 18 representative sections within the road II-35 “BEKLEMETO” were studied, and the number of measured cracks exceeded 13,000. The total length of the researched sections is over 10,770 m. In processing, short cracks with a length of less than 0.8 m, which do not affect the structural disturbance of the rock formations, are excluded. These data and studies are essential for the planning of effective measures to maintain and rehabilitate road infrastructure in complex mountain conditions.
