We present a general formalism linking modified entropy functions directly to a modified spacetime metric and, subsequently, to an effective matter sector of entropic origin. In particular, within the framework of general relativity, starting from the first law of black-hole thermodynamics we establish an explicit correspondence between the entropy derivative and the metric function, which naturally leads to an emergent stress-energy tensor representing an anisotropic effective fluid. This backreaction effect of horizon entropy may resolve possible inconsistencies recently identified in black hole physics with modified entropies. As specific examples, we apply this procedure to a wide class of modified entropies, such as Barrow, Tsallis-Cirto, Renyi, Kaniadakis, logarithmic, power-law, loop-quantum-gravity, and exponential modifications, and we derive the associated effective matter sectors, analyzing their physical properties and energy conditions.
Mosquito borne diseases affect hundreds of million people each year with a disproportionate impact on developing countries. Aedes aegypti mosquito is a vector for viruses that cause dengue, yellow fever and zika. To gain a deep understanding, morphometric analysis of both sexes and the morphology, type and distribution of sensilla and scales of female mosquito were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope. The results showed that the maxillary palp of male are significantly longer than those in females and male antenna are densly covered with hairs compared to female antenna. The sensory mechanism of mosquitoes exerts substantial influence on their host-seeking and oviposition behaviors, facilitating the transmission of diverse diseases to humans. The reported sensilla and scales showed organ specific differences. Nine types of sensilla (three non-olfactory, six olfactory with 22 subtypes) and six types of scales were identified and observed on various regions of body. Most of olfactory sensilla were reported on the head appendages and non-olfactory sensilla on legs and wings. Different types of scales cover almost whole body of mosquito. In this study, the role of sensilla and scales were hypothesized based on comparative analysis with previous research. This study can provide valuable insight into the diversity of sensilla, and scales in female A. aegypti. It also highlights sex specific differences of various body segments in both sexes so, aiding in the development of better repellent or traps to prevent mosquito bites. Studying mosquito scales can provide valuable insight in species identification, sensory adaptation and disease transmission.
Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Rchb. ex Meisn., a unique species within the Rutaceae family, has been acknowledged in Asian traditional medicine for its efficacy in treating infections, wounds, bleeding disorders, and vector-borne diseases. This review aims to compile existing knowledge regarding its ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, and pharmacological characteristics to evaluate its therapeutic potential and significance for contemporary drug discovery. Phytochemical investigations indicate that B. albiflora is abundant in essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and coumarins, including suberosin, dehydrogeijerin, and murralongin. These compounds exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects. Experimental research has shown the plant to possess significant antioxidant activity (associated with phenolic acids and flavonoids), anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties (attributed to coumarins), as well as antibacterial effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The plant also demonstrates antimalarial properties against both chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains, hepatoprotective effects in vivo, and antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced models. Furthermore, essential oils exhibit strong insecticidal and repellent characteristics, reinforcing its ethnoveterinary and pesticidal uses. B. albiflora is a valuable medicinal resource due to its extensive array of bioactive metabolites and confirmed pharmacological activities. Though classical uses are increasingly supported by experimental evidence, more pharmacological and clinical work must be done to establish safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action. Its potential applications include medicine, nutraceutical design, and eco-friendly pest control.
We propose a minimal extension of the type-I seesaw model to realise leptogenesis from the co-annihilation of dark sector particles. The type-I seesaw model is extended with a singlet fermion and two singlet scalars charged under a Z_2 symmetry. The Z_2-odd singlet scalar is the dark matter candidate. Here the usual type-I seesaw mechanism generates neutrino mass, and a net lepton asymmetry is generated from the co-annihilation of the dark matter and the Z_2-odd singlet fermion. The Z_2-even singlet scalar is important in dark matter phenomenology. Successful leptogenesis is possible at TeV-scale, unlike the vanilla case. This minimal extension provides an elegant explanation of successful leptogenesis with direct connection to the dark matter abundance in the Universe.
Aedes albopictus serves as a vector for multiple viruses in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, including those that cause encephalitis, Zika and dengue fever. Although species identification traditionally relies on characteristics of the fourth larval instar, SEM based studies on Ae. albopictus remains limited. In this study, SEM was used to document key morphological features, including the antennae, feeding mouth brushes, mandibles, maxillae, labia, comb scales, siphon, respiratory spiracle, and row of pecten teeth. The eighth abdominal segment of the fourth-instar larva is small, bearing nine comb scales. The siphon is itself equipped with two rows of pecten teeth, each row containing 11 individual teeth. While the larval and adult stages of Ae. albopictus have been described previously, the pupal stage has not been examined yet using SEM. Therefore, this study investigates the external morphology of Ae. albopictus pupae for the first time to identify additional diagnostic characters. The pupal body is enclosed by a translucent cuticle, comprising a cephalothorax and a slender, articulated abdomen. Respiration occurs through paired respiratory horns on the cephalothorax. On anterior region the cephalothorax bears mouthparts, flattened head, developing compound eyes, and posteriorly curved antennae. On posterior region ninth abdominal segment is comparatively small and bears paired paddles supported by a midrib, which are essential for pupal movement. SEM of adult mosquitoes enables precise characterization of diagnostic structures such as sensilla, setae, scales, spiracle, haltere, mouthparts and cuticular pattern. SEM based morphological data of larva, pupa and adult stages enhance our understanding of mosquito biology, development, and functional adaptation, which is essential for designing effective vector surveillance, control strategies, and integrated mosquito management programs.
