Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, also known simply as Shoolini University, is a private university located near Kasauli in Solan district, Himachal Pradesh, 173229, India. It is located 73 km (45 mi) from Chandigarh and 67 km (42 mi) from Shimla.Shoolini University has collaborated with coursera, enabling its students to have free access to over 3800 global courses.
Climate change is accelerated by increasing levels of greenhouse gases (GHGs) as a result of human activity, particularly the release of carbon dioxide (CO2). Soil carbon (C) sequestration, or the transfer of atmospheric CO2 to soil organic matter (SOM) with long-term stabilization within the soil, is an important process of C removal from the atmosphere. For the accounting of soil C and offset markets in most countries including Australia, the standard soil sampling depth is 0–30 cm, although deeper sampling is recommended for more accurate C stock assessments and to capture long-term sequestration potential. While 30 cm soil depth accounts for most short-term management impacts on C storage, a significant portion of soil C is stored below this depth (i.e., deep soil C), and sampling at greater depths can provide a more complete account of total C stocks and potential sequestration benefits. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review, including a bibliometric analysis and a critical discussion of the link between deep soil C storage and sequestration potential in relation to climate change mitigation and soil health. Deep soil layers contain over 850 Pg C worldwide, which is approximately 50
Lung cancer, a global concern with high mortality rates, has multiple causative factors, including exposure to air pollution. This risk extends to microplastics, now recognized as constituents of particulate matter, a well-known carcinogen for lung cancer. Numerous studies have consistently shown the prevalence of microplastics originating from various sources, accumulating in the lungs upon inhalation. However, their direct influence on lung carcinogenesis remains less explored, highlighting the urgent need for high-priority research. This comprehensive review aims to analyze the effects of microplastics on lung carcinogenesis, drawing insights from a wide range of research studies. It addresses the sources and transport of microplastics infiltrating humans from indoor environments, leading to inflammation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, genomic instability, and immune modulation—factors closely associated with lung cancer development. The review also emphasizes pertinent in vitro and in vivo studies on microplastic exposure and their potential implications for lung cancer. Furthermore, it delves into the least explored and complex interplay between microplastics and particulate matter in the context of lung cancer, based on global cohort studies and meta-analyses. This review provides critical insights into microplastic and particulate matter exposure, emphasizing the need for extensive, long-term investigations across diverse human populations and regions to inform public health policies. Such research endeavors are essential for developing effective intervention strategies to mitigate the risks associated with these environmental contaminants.
The pathological condition known as ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) is characterized by an initial restriction in the amount of blood supply followed by reperfusion which paradoxically aggravates irreversible neuronal damage and cell death. In Central Nervous System, IRI disrupts cytoskeletal integrity, causes dysruption in intracellular calcium homeostasis, and worsens mitochondrial function. Accruing evidence identifies endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and dysregulation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) as key contributors to ischemia-induced neurodegeneration. While transient ER stress activates adaptive signaling that supports cell survival, sustained or severe ER stress shifts UPR signaling toward pro-apoptotic pathways involving CHOP induction, calcium overload, mitochondrial dysfunction, and caspase activation. This review critically examines recent advances linking ER stress to neuronal injury following cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, with a particular emphasis on ER-mitochondrial crosstalk and apoptotic signaling. Importantly, we summarize and evaluate emerging therapeutic strategies targeting ER stress pathways including chemical chaperones, UPR modulators, calcium homeostasis regulators, and metabolic interventions—and discuss their neuroprotective potential and translational limitations. By integrating mechanistic insights with therapeutic perspectives, this review highlights ER stress as a promising but complex target for neuroprotection after ischemic injury.
Aflatoxin contamination in stored grains due to its severe health effects, economic losses, and persistence under post-harvest conditions remains a critical global food safety challenge. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), classified as a Group 1 carcinogen, poses significant mutagenic, hepatotoxic, and immunosuppressive risks. Conventional detection techniques including HPLC, LC-MS, and ELISA offer high sensitivity but are limited by complex instrumentation, lack of field applicability and high cost. Recent advancements in nanotechnology for rapid detection and effective mitigation of aflatoxins provide transformative solutions. The present review comprehensively discusses nanoparticle-based biosensors including metallic nanoparticles, carbon and graphene quantum dots, up-conversion nanoparticles, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) techniques for ultra-sensitive and onsite detection of AFB1. Detection limits ranging from pg/mL to ng/mL levels demonstrate the excellent analytical performance of nanotechnology-driven systems. Furthermore, nanocomposites, nano-encapsulated antifungal agents, green-synthesized nanoparticles, and nanoparticle-mediated RNA interference approaches for their role in suppressing fungal growth and inhibiting aflatoxin biosynthesis are emphasized. Mechanistic insights reveal that nanoparticles induce reactive oxygen species generation, gene downregulation in aflatoxin biosynthetic pathways, and structural toxin degradation. Additionally, nanocomposite-based grain storage materials improve barrier properties, reducing moisture and fungal proliferation. Despite promising advancements, concerns regarding nanoparticle toxicity, environmental accumulation, regulatory compliance, and large-scale implementation remain critical challenges. Overall, nanotechnology offers a multifunctional, sensitive, and sustainable strategy for strengthening aflatoxin detection, detoxification, and post-harvest management systems, thereby enhancing global grain safety and food security.
In this work, geranyl-based ionic liquids (ILs) were developed as efficient dual-functional agents for corrosion protection and antibacterial applications. Geranyl piperidinium bromide (GPB) and geranyl morpholinium bromide (GMB), containing a bioderived terpene side chain, exhibited excellent surface activity and strong affinity toward mild steel in chloride-rich acidic media. Both ILs significantly enhanced corrosion resistance through the formation of a stable adsorbed protective film, achieving inhibition efficiencies of 87.61% for GPB and 81.32% for GMB. Electrochemical and adsorption analyses indicated spontaneous Langmuir-type adsorption governed mainly by physisorption with a predominantly anodic inhibition mechanism. Surface analyses confirmed the formation of a compact and uniform inhibitor film, while DFT and molecular dynamics simulations provided molecular-level validation of the experimental observations. In addition to corrosion protection, the ILs demonstrated notable antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with GPB showing superior performance, reflected by lower minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Overall, this study demonstrates that geranyl-based ILs are promising, sustainable, multifunctional alternatives to conventional corrosion inhibitors with added antimicrobial capability.
