Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remains a major therapeutic challenge due to its complex pathophysiology and the limitations of current treatment strategies. This review evaluates the potential of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems as a novel therapeutic approach for improving SLE management. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development of drug delivery systems such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles designed to enhance drug solubility, stability, and targeted delivery while minimizing systemic adverse effects. Preclinical studies demonstrate that these nanocarriers can selectively deliver immunosuppressive agents to affected tissues, resulting in improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced off-target toxicity. However, challenges remain regarding long-term safety, regulatory approval pathways, and scalability for large-scale production. Nanoparticle-based therapeutic strategies offer promising opportunities to overcome key limitations of conventional SLE treatments. Although further investigation is needed to address safety and translational barriers, continued development of nanomedicine platforms holds significant potential to improve disease control and enhance the quality of life for patients with SLE.
Cancer is a massive health problem worldwide that has many molecular complexities and drug-resistant issues. Phytochemicals have gained attention for their anticancer effects, which can act on multiple targets. The aim of review is to investigate the phytochemical composition and anticancer mechanism of Drynaria quercifolia. Findings in recent years have established that Drynaria quercifolia contains various kinds of phytochemicals (such as flavonoids/phenolic acids/terpenoids), which inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells (SAOS2/A549). These compounds also induce apoptosis and oxidative stress and interfere with key signalling pathways (NF-κB/PI3K/AKT). In addition, some recent studies have shown the results of autophagy and ferroptosis. Drynaria quercifolia has potential bioactive compounds that can be utilized for anticancer purposes. However, further in vivo and clinical studies will be required to prove its therapeutic usefulness and to demonstrate its translatability.
This review provides a multi-disciplinary evaluation of naringin and naringinase, detailing their natural botanical sources, the molecular mechanisms of enzymatic biotransformation and the resulting industrial and pharmacological significance of their products. While naringin has traditionally used and studied for citrus juice debittering, recent research has shifted toward advanced, high specificity screening methodologies and the synthesis of innovative nanoconjugates for improved drug delivery system. Furthermore, this manuscript highlights the role of naringin biotransformation in a sustainable bioeconomy which focuses on the valorization of citrus waste to mitigate environmental pollution while producing high value medicinal compounds. This review provides a comprehensive lifecycle account of naringin and naringinase, bridging traditional food processing applications with modern advanced nanotechnological approaches, clinical health and environmental sustainability.
Albizia procera (Roxb.) Benth. is a medicinally important Fabaceae tree widely used in South and Southeast Asian traditional medicine for infections, inflammation, pain, diabetes, liver disorders, wounds, and rheumatism. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on the ethnomedicinal relevance, phytochemical composition, pharmacological activities, and therapeutic prospects of A. procera, with emphasis on its potential contribution to disease management, drug discovery, and sustainable natural-product-based therapies. Recent studies have confirmed that A. procera contains diverse bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, triterpenoids, catechin, protocatechuic acid, biochanin-A, phytol, squalene, neophytadiene, β-amyrin, and α-tocopherol. These compounds support a broad pharmacological profile involving antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, analgesic, CNS-depressant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, antiviral, and anti-HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activities. Preclinical evidence suggests that A. procera extracts can inhibit pathogenic bacteria, reduce oxidative stress, restore antioxidant enzymes, suppress inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-2, improve liver injury biomarkers, and modulate carbohydrate-digesting enzymes relevant to diabetes. Emerging work on A. procera-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles further highlights its value in green nanotechnology and antibacterial nanomedicine. Available evidence positions A. procera as a promising natural source of therapeutically relevant bioactive compounds with applications in chronic inflammatory disorders, infectious diseases, metabolic dysfunction, liver protection, and antiviral drug discovery. However, most findings remain limited to in vitro and animal studies. Future research should prioritize isolation and standardization of active constituents, mechanistic validation, pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiling, formulation development, clinical evaluation, and sustainable cultivation strategies. Advancing these areas may enable the translation of A. procera from traditional medicine into evidence-based therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications.
This review explores the emerging field of oncolytic virotherapy as a novel approach to cancer immunotherapy. It focuses on how oncolytic viruses are engineered to selectively target and destroy cancer cells while enhancing anti-tumour immune responses. The review aims to highlight strategies used to optimize viral selectivity and reduce virulence for safer and more effective clinical applications. Oncolytic viruses not only directly lyse tumour cells but also transform immunologically ‘cold’ tumour microenvironments into ‘hot’, immunogenic ones. Although the tumour-fighting potential of viruses has been recognized in 1904, clinical interest increased significantly after the approvals of Rigvir (2004) and Oncorine (2005). Since then, numerous genetic engineering techniques have been developed to enhance the safety and efficacy of these viruses. Ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials are evaluating their potential against various solid tumours. Oncolytic virotherapy represents a promising and evolving cancer treatment strategy. By combining tumour selectivity with immune activation, these engineered viruses offer a dual mechanism of action. Continued advancements in viral design and clinical research may soon position oncolytic viruses as key tools in modern cancer therapy.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) – also termed chronic lung disease of prematurity – remains a principal cause of death and long-term morbidity in very preterm infants. Azithromycin is active against Ureaplasma and has both antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a plausible preventive therapy. Evidence, however, is inconclusive. We evaluated whether azithromycin improves survival free of moderate or severe, physiologically defined chronic lung disease in this high-risk population. Following the Cochrane Handbook, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis and reported according to PRISMA (PROSPERO CRD42024589280). We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, EMBASE, and CENTRAL from inception to April 2024. Dichotomous outcomes were pooled as risk ratios (RRs), and continuous outcomes were pooled as mean differences (MDs) using RevMan 5.4; P < 0.05 denoted statistical significance. Seven double-blind randomized controlled trials involving 1,481 infants (azithromycin, n = 740; placebo, n = 741) met the inclusion criteria. Azithromycin did not significantly reduce any primary outcome: BPD (RR, 0.97; 95
The aim of the review is to evaluate the benefits and limitations of GLP-1 receptor agonists, with particular emphasis on adverse effects, unresolved safety issues, and the socioeconomic and ethical aspects of their growing popularity. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have transformed the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, offering clinically significant improvements in glycemic control, weight reduction, and cardiometabolic outcomes, with additional benefits reported for renal outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Beyond these indications, emerging evidence suggests potential benefits in conditions such as metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease and obesity-related comorbidities including obstructive sleep apnea. Their widespread use, however, has been accompanied by growing attention to side effects, long-term safety concerns, and ethical challenges. Common adverse effects are primarily gastrointestinal and transient, though more severe complications, including gallbladder disease, bowel obstruction, retinopathy, and rare neoplasms, have been reported. Neuropsychiatric symptoms and post-discontinuation weight regain are additional concerns that complicate long-term management. Furthermore, off-label use for cosmetic weight loss has contributed to drug shortages, inequitable access, and increased circulation of counterfeit products, raising serious public health and ethical issues. Future directions should prioritize robust pharmacovigilance, structured discontinuation protocols, and research into biomarkers of responsiveness. GLP-1 RAs should be repositioned within lifecycle-based, personalized care models, integrating pharmacotherapy with sustainable lifestyle and behavioral interventions. Such an approach will be essential to maximize therapeutic benefit, minimize risk, and ensure equitable use of these powerful yet imperfect agents. GLP-1 receptor agonists are highly effective medicines for treating diabetes and obesity, helping patients lower blood sugar, lose weight, and improve heart and kidney health. However, their growing popularity has also revealed important challenges, including side effects, drug shortages, high costs, and misuse for cosmetic weight loss. To ensure safe and fair use, these treatments should be combined with lifestyle changes and used under medical supervision, with stronger safeguards for long-term safety and equitable access.
This review explores the efficacy of therapeutic plants in the therapy of oral and breast cancers, focusing on their action mechanisms like cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis, inhibition of metastasis, and alteration of main signalling mechanisms. Oral and breast cancers pose significant health risks, and cancer remains a significant cause of mortality across the globe. Although conventional therapies are effective, they are often associated with severe adverse effects. Recently, many medicinal plants have acquired interest as potential alternative or complementary therapeutic agents due to the existence of bioactive constituents, which possess anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant potential. Phytoconstituents such as curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), and berberine combat cancer cells through diverse mechanisms such as G0/G1 phase arrest, anti-microtubule and anti-mitotic activity, macrophage activation, inhibition of cancer cell progression through multiple signalling pathways, direct cytotoxicity, and anti-angiogenesis. Exploring these botanical sources and their metabolites may pave the way for the development of future cancer therapeutics. Graphical abstract Phytocompounds and its mechanisms of action, therapeutic effects against cancer
Boenninghausenia albiflora (Hook.) Rchb. ex Meisn., a unique species within the Rutaceae family, has been acknowledged in Asian traditional medicine for its efficacy in treating infections, wounds, bleeding disorders, and vector-borne diseases. This review aims to compile existing knowledge regarding its ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemistry, and pharmacological characteristics to evaluate its therapeutic potential and significance for contemporary drug discovery. Phytochemical investigations indicate that B. albiflora is abundant in essential oils, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and coumarins, including suberosin, dehydrogeijerin, and murralongin. These compounds exhibit a variety of pharmacological effects. Experimental research has shown the plant to possess significant antioxidant activity (associated with phenolic acids and flavonoids), anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties (attributed to coumarins), as well as antibacterial effectiveness against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The plant also demonstrates antimalarial properties against both chloroquine-sensitive and resistant strains, hepatoprotective effects in vivo, and antidiabetic activity in alloxan-induced models. Furthermore, essential oils exhibit strong insecticidal and repellent characteristics, reinforcing its ethnoveterinary and pesticidal uses. B. albiflora is a valuable medicinal resource due to its extensive array of bioactive metabolites and confirmed pharmacological activities. Though classical uses are increasingly supported by experimental evidence, more pharmacological and clinical work must be done to establish safety, efficacy, and mechanism of action. Its potential applications include medicine, nutraceutical design, and eco-friendly pest control.
Chitosan and its derivatives have emerged as promising multifunctional biomaterials for the management of diabetes and its complications. Their natural biodegradability, biocompatibility, and mucoadhesive properties make them ideal candidates for advanced drug delivery. Through chemical modifications such as quaternization, carboxymethylation, and thiolation, chitosan derivatives exhibit enhanced solubility, permeability, and targeted delivery potential. These attributes enable the effective transport of anti-diabetic agents like insulin, metformin, and phytochemicals via buccal, oral, and transdermal routes, improving therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance. Chitosan based nano-carriers, hydrogels, and electro-spun nanofiber systems support sustained and stimuli-responsive drug release, particularly beneficial for chronic conditions like diabetes. In diabetic wound-healing, formulations combining chitosan derivatives with bioactive agents such as curcumin, asiaticoside, and silver nanoparticles, have shown to accelerate re-epithelialization, reduce oxidative stress, promote angiogenesis, and inhibit bacterial biofilms. These systems provide an extracellular matrix-mimicking environment conducive to fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation. Beyond glucose control, chitosan derivatives show potential in addressing diabetic complications such as nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. Their versatility allows integration with metal nanoparticles, growth factors, and natural ligands for personalized and precision therapeutics. However, challenges such as scalability, regulatory hurdles, and long-term safety assessments must be addressed for successful clinical translation. This review highlights the broad therapeutic landscape of multifunctional chitosan derivatives in diabetes, encompassing both advanced drug delivery platforms and wound-healing applications, and emphasizing their evolving role from conventional carriers to smart, bioactive therapeutic systems. Unlike previous reviews that mainly summarize formulation strategies, this article integrates drug delivery and diabetic wound-healing applications and provides a critical, clinically oriented discussion of bioavailability thresholds, degree of deacetylation requirements, safety, and regulatory and translational barriers for chitosan-based systems. Continued interdisciplinary research and innovation are essential to realize their full potential in next-generation diabetic care.
Millions of people worldwide suffer from asthma, a chronic respiratory disease. Conventional medication prescriptions are symptomatic, but side effects limit long-term use. But because of their long history and diverse range of molecular actions, herbal therapies may offer a supportive treatment option. This review examines how herbal remedies have developed for asthma, emphasizing how they work molecularly on primary receptor targets. Evidence for herbal remedies, including Ephedra sinica, Boswellia serrata, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Tylophora indica, Adhatoda vasica, Ginkgo biloba, and Scutellaria baicalensis, and many more is reviewed. It focuses on encouraging clinical evidence and effectiveness supporting the value of herbal remedies as therapeutic adjuncts or substitutes. In order to optimize the potential of herbal therapies in the management of asthma, we discuss future directions and emphasize the necessity of thorough research. This review aims to encourage more research and the use of herbal medicine in asthma treatment, giving patients who require supplemental treatments new hope.
This review aims to explore the molecular mechanisms through which herbal drugs modulate insulin resistance, a central feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and metabolic syndrome. Specifically, it focuses on the roles of three critical intracellular signaling pathways—AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)—in mediating the antidiabetic effects of various phytochemicals. Recent studies have identified several bioactive compounds from medicinal plants, such as berberine, curcumin, resveratrol, and ginsenosides, that influence insulin sensitivity by targeting AMPK, PPARs, and mTOR pathways. These compounds enhance glucose uptake, promote lipid oxidation, reduce inflammation, and restore metabolic homeostasis. Evidence also suggests significant crosstalk among these pathways, indicating the potential of multi-targeted herbal therapies. However, challenges such as poor bioavailability, lack of standardization, and limited clinical validation remain significant barriers to clinical translation. Herbal medicines offer promising alternatives or adjuncts to conventional antidiabetic therapies by modulating key metabolic pathways involved in insulin resistance. Their multitargeted actions on AMPK, PPARs, and mTOR pathways highlight their therapeutic potential. Future research should focus on improving bioavailability, standardizing formulations, and conducting large-scale clinical trials to validate efficacy and safety. A deeper mechanistic understanding and integration with personalized medicine approaches could further enhance the clinical utility of herbal interventions in managing insulin resistance and T2DM.
Diabetic Kidney disease (DKD), a microvascular complication of diabetes, is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). In developing countries like India, DKD contributes significantly to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This review highlights the current strategies in preventing and managing DKD. The pathophysiology of DKD is multifactorial, involving hemodynamic, metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms driven primarily by chronic hyperglycemia, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The Southern part of India exhibits a higher prevalence of diabetes compared to northern and northeastern states due to growing diabetes prevalence and a sedentary lifestyle. An increased risk of impaired kidney function is observed in people with type 2 diabetes. The problem with managing DKD is that it often goes unnoticed in its early stages due to inadequate routine screening and patient unawareness. The economic burden of DKD is significantly higher in developing countries like India. Hence, considering the pathogenesis of DKD, effective screening, preventive measures, and a multidisciplinary approach involving general physicians, diabetologists, dietitians, and nephrologists can be implemented to arrest disease progression.
Diabetic kidney disease remains the leading cause of chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney failure worldwide, driven by chronic hyperglycemia, intrarenal hemodynamic stress, and inflammatory–fibrotic signaling. Early detection and multifactorial interventions remain essential, yet many patients progress, underscoring the need for glucose-lowering agents with direct nephroprotective actions. Linagliptin’s unique non-renal clearance permits use across all stages of chronic kidney disease without dose adjustment. Preclinical and clinical studies demonstrate reno-modulatory effects through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic pathways. In large outcome trials, linagliptin was cardiovascularly neutral and safe in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease, with consistent signals of reduced progression of albuminuria. Glimepiride lowers glucose via beta-cell stimulation and has been shown to reduce oxidative stress markers in animal and small clinical studies; however, robust evidence for renoprotection is lacking. Its primary renal excretion necessitates dose adjustment in patients with declining kidney function, increasing the complexity of use and the risk of drug accumulation. Sustained insulin secretion also elevates hypoglycemia risk — a significant concern in chronic kidney disease, where counter-regulatory responses are impaired, and drug clearance is reduced. A significant research gap exists in clarifying the roles of both agents within the modern renoprotective treatment framework, which now includes sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, and in determining whether they provide additive renoprotection when combined with these newer therapies. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the renoprotective potential of linagliptin and glimepiride, highlighting linagliptin’s unique safety profile and pleiotropic effects in advanced chronic kidney disease.
Cancer continues to be a significant global health challenge and one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide. Natural product drug screens have been incentivized for new classes of anticancer agents with potential pharmacological activity as inducers of ferroptosis. Pentacyclic triterpenoids experimentally exhibit broad-spectrum antineoplastic activities. Nevertheless, an updated review of their effects and mechanisms, particularly in connection with ferroptosis and related oxidative stress processes, is overdue. Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of regulated cell death, is triggered by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and lipid peroxidation, compromising cancer cell membrane integrity. Due to elevated Fe2+ uptake, metabolically active or proliferating cancer cells are highly susceptible to ferroptosis, making it a promising therapeutic target for overcoming chemoresistance and metastasis. Pentacyclic triterpenes, bioactive compounds from plants and fungi, have emerged as potent pro-ferroptotic agents in preclinical studies. Compounds like celastrol and ursolic acid induce ferroptosis in various cancers such as hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic, gastric, breast, cervical, glioblastoma, and leukemia by disrupting glutathione (GSH)-dependent antioxidant defenses and the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway. Recent findings further suggest the possibilities of exploring pentacyclic triterpenes as novel candidate drugs or adjuvants in conjunction with the use of conventional anticancer drugs in various treatment modalities such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Certain cellular features of ferroptosis are mechanistically relevant to the design of therapeutic strategies against proliferating cancer cells, as documented in recent studies on pentacyclic triterpenoids. These compounds thus carry potential for preclinical and clinical applications across diverse cancers.
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) refers to a progressive neurodegenerative disease which is associated with dementia, neuronal dysfunction and cognitive decline. One of the molecular regulators that has been identified in the etiology of AD is the microRNA-124 (miR-124). This review will explore the basis of miR-124 in AD pathogenesis, its possible use as a diagnostic biomarker, and the possible treatment of miR-124. The miR-124 is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and modulates various pathological pathways in AD, such as amyloid-β metabolism, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation, synaptic plasticity, and mitochondrial activity. Studies show that miR-124 is significantly decreased in AD brains that are associated with disease progression and severity. It encourages the compilation of amyloid-B by means of a transformed metabolism of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and aids in the creation of neurofibrillary tangles by means of hyperphosphorylation of tau. Conversely, miR-124 exerts neuroprotective effects by suppressing pro-inflammatory signalling, preserving mitochondrial integrity, and promoting neuronal survival. The multifaceted role of miR-124 supports its two possible applications as a biomarker to diagnose AD at the earliest stages and as a therapeutic agent to avoid the irreversible neuronal loss in AD. Restoring miR-124 is one of the promising therapeutic interventions in the management of AD. This review provides a comprehensive overview of miR-124-mediated molecular pathways, its diagnostic value and its therapeutic potential on AD.
This review investigates green chemistry included in pharmaceutical synthesis with emphasis on sustainable methodologies for the environmental soundness of these processes while upholding the efficacy and safety standards of pharmaceuticals. Particular emphasis is given here to recent advances in environmentally friendly solvents, biocatalysts, continuous flow chemistry, and minimization of waste. Many sustainable breakthroughs in manufacturing have been accomplished by the leaders in the industry. The biocatalytic resolution processes at Pfizer saw a reduction in solvent consumption by 90
Caffeine is one of the most widely used psychoactive substances found in beverages like coffee, tea, and energy drinks. Its effects on cardiovascular health are complex, ranging from beneficial effects at moderate levels, such as alertness and antioxidant properties, to harmful cardiovascular outcomes, including hypertension, arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction, associated with excessive or chronic consumption. This review will delve into the complex mechanisms underlying these effects, including the antagonistic action of caffeine on adenosine receptors, dysregulation of intracellular calcium signalling, and impairment of nitric oxide pathways. Emerging evidence also links high caffeine intake to endothelial dysfunction, increased arterial stiffness, and heightened oxidative stress, which together elevate cardiovascular risk. It is notable that the increased popularity of high-caffeine products, especially energy drinks, is raising concern over their impact on vulnerable populations, such as children and adolescents. This review highlights the importance of public health interventions in regulating caffeine consumption and raising awareness among consumers about potential cardiovascular risks. Future research directions should focus on exploring genetic polymorphisms in caffeine metabolism, long-term health outcomes, and the development of safer caffeine-based formulations that minimise adverse effects while retaining the benefits.
Sexual dysfunction, notably erectile dysfunction and reduced libido, remains a prevalent global health issue, arising from multifactorial etiologies including hormonal, neurochemical and vascular dysregulations. Previously, medicinal plants have been employed to enhance male reproductive capacity; however, rigorous pharmacological validation of their efficacy and mechanistic pathways is not yet understood. Elucidating the modulatory effects of plant-based aphrodisiacs on endocrine function and neurovascular signaling offers a pathway toward developing safer, plant-based alternatives to conventional agents. This systematic review examined peer-reviewed pre-clinical and clinical investigations on plant-derived aphrodisiacs, following PRISMA guidelines and PROSPERO ID: CRD420261308549. Bias risk was evaluated using Cochrane, ROBINS-I, SYRCLE risk of bias tool and Newcastle–Ottawa tools. Eligible studies reported effects on hormonal biomarkers [testosterone, FSH, LH], sexual behavioral endpoints, and mechanistic pathways such as nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, arginase regulation and neurotransmitter modulation. Data were synthesized narratively, integrating biochemical, hormonal, and behavioral findings. Several plants demonstrated significant reproductive benefits. Mucuna pruriens enhanced testosterone synthesis, sperm quality, and testicular mass via antioxidant activity and stimulation of steroidogenesis. Tribulus terrestris produced dose-dependent increases in testosterone, FSH, and LH, though high-dose regimens raised safety considerations. Ginkgo biloba and Schumanniophyton magnificum modulated neurochemical mediators, augmenting libido and erectile performance primarily through NO-dependent vasodilation and receptor interactions. Collectively, these agents exhibited convergent mechanisms involving endocrine upregulation, oxidative stress attenuation, and neurochemical modulation. Ethnopharmacological evidence underscores the potential of plant-derived aphrodisiacs to enhance male reproductive health through multifactorial mechanisms. Despite robust preclinical findings, translational application requires well-powered, standardized clinical trials to define optimal dosing, safety profiles, and molecular targets. Strategic integration of these plants into reproductive health frameworks may yield effective, culturally acceptable, and mechanistically rational alternatives to synthetic pharmacotherapies.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing healthcare by integrating into medical devices to improve diagnostic accuracy, treatment efficiency, and patient outcomes. AI technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and edge computing play a crucial role in real-time data processing and integration into medical devices. This paper provides an overview of the current state of AI in medical devices, emphasizing its integration into healthcare, technological advancements, and regulatory frameworks. It explores the trade-off between speed and accuracy in AI systems, as well as ethical and practical challenges. A comprehensive review of the AI technologies in medical devices is presented, including the categorization of AI applications, regulatory guidelines, and the role of edge computing and Internet of Things (IoT) integration. Case studies showcasing AI medical devices focusing on speed vs. accuracy trade-offs are analyzed, along with the integration of AI in diagnostic imaging, personalized medicine, and predictive analytics. AI technologies have significantly enhanced diagnostic accuracy, clinical decision-making, and patient monitoring. The trade-off between speed and accuracy is addressed through innovative solutions like edge computing and machine learning. AI has shown potential in various fields such as radiology, cardiac monitoring, and surgical guidance, with case studies demonstrating both fast and accurate AI applications. The integration of AI into medical devices is poised to transform healthcare by improving clinical workflows, decision-making, and personalized care. However, ethical considerations and regulatory challenges related to data privacy, algorithmic fairness, and patient safety must be addressed to ensure sustainable development. Continued innovation, supported by rigorous regulatory frameworks, will be essential for the effective and ethical deployment of AI in medical devices.
