The second-order generalized integrator (SOGI), which can be used to attenuate the self-interference of the fundamental tone, is unable to fully reject DC offsets on the input signal. Consequently, the performance of any SOGI based synchrophasor estimation (SE) technique might be compromised in the presence of such DC components. The current work presents a SE algorithm which adopts an enhanced SOGI formulation, robust against DC, combined with a three-point IpDFT and a three nominal fundamental period Hanning observation window. Its simultaneous compliance with both phasor measurement unit (PMU) P and M performance classes is assessed by means of a simulated environment where all the operating conditions defined by the IEC/IEEE 60255-118-1:2018 standard are evaluated combined with a 10% static DC offset and under two different noise levels. Furthermore, the method adopts a dedicated mechanism for the detection of low amplitude 2nd harmonic tones and the correction of their impacts under off-nominal frequency conditions. Finally, its resilience against multiple simultaneous harmonic interferences is also analyzed together with its performance in the presence of decaying DC components.
Electric vehicle (EV) batteries retain substantial usable capacity after their first life, enabling reuse in power grid’s stationary applications such as frequency control, self-consumption, and energy arbitrage. However, battery cycling profiles in power system applications differ significantly from standard driving cycles, requiring tailored testing methods to assess second-life degradation. This paper presents a two-stage framework for generating realistic second-life cycling profiles that replicate battery energy storage system (BESS) operation. The first stage optimizes power and state of energy (SOE) profiles, while the second stage ensures compliance with voltage and current constraints using an equivalent circuit model (ECM). The resulting profile maximizes the energy throughput while guaranteeing safe and feasible battery operation.
Lineage-committed αβ and γδ T cells are thought to originate from common intrathymic multipotent progenitors following instructive T cell receptor (TCR) signals. A subset of lymph node and mucosal Vγ2+ γδ T cells is programmed intrathymically to produce IL-17 (Tγδ17 cells), however the role of the γδTCR in development of these cells remains controversial. Here we generated reporter mice for the Tγδ17 lineage-defining transcription factor SOX13 and identified fetal-origin, intrathymic Sox13+ progenitors. In organ culture developmental assays, Tγδ17 cells derived primarily from Sox13+ progenitors, and not from other known lymphoid progenitors. Single cell transcriptome assays of the progenitors found in TCR-deficient mice demonstrated that Tγδ17 lineage programming was independent of γδTCR. Instead, generation of the lineage committed progenitors and Tγδ17 cells was controlled by TCF1 and SOX13. Thus, T lymphocyte lineage fate can be prewired cell-intrinsically and is not necessarily specified by clonal antigen receptor signals.
Electrification of passenger transport is central to decarbonization, yet the growing demand for electric vehicle charging presents challenges for electricity system planning. Because charging is inherently flexible, it can support cost-effective system operation when coordinated with system-level decisions. Here, we couple location-specific charging flexibility boundaries with transmission-level generation and network optimization to examine how a central planner deploys unidirectional charging flexibility in Switzerland’s 2050 electricity system. Scenarios reflect different policy priorities, i.e., cost minimization versus renewable targets, and varying levels of cross-border market integration. The 2050 horizon represents Switzerland’s carbon-neutral target, with widespread rooftop solar, capped hydropower, high electrification of heating and transport, and diverse cross-border exchanges. Results show that unidirectional charging flexibility, implemented during idle parking with minimal user disruption, reduces total system costs by up to 4.5 % and electricity supply prices by over 6 %. Flexibility improves renewable utilization, reduces curtailment, and increases the value of cross-border trade by shifting imports and exports to more favorable times. Seasonal effects are key: flexibility supports Alpine PV and reduces gas reliance in winter, while aligning with rooftop PV and mitigating evening peaks in summer. These findings highlight charging flexibility as a cost-effective resource for decarbonized systems and call for targeted policy signals, simple daytime incentives in summer, and dynamic, weather-sensitive tariffs in winter.
