The Community of Madrid (English: /məˈdrɪd/; Spanish: Comunidad de Madrid Spanish pronunciation: [komuniˈðað ðe maˈðɾið] (listen)) is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain. It is located in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula, and of the Central Plateau (Meseta Central). Its capital and largest municipality is Madrid, which is also the capital of the country. The Community of Madrid is bounded to the south and east by Castilla–La Mancha and to the north and west by Castile and León. It was formally created in 1983, based on the limits of the province of Madrid, which was until then conventionally included in the historical region of New Castile.The Community of Madrid is the third most populous in Spain with 6,661,949 (2019) inhabitants mostly concentrated in the metropolitan area of Madrid. It is also the most densely populated autonomous community. In absolute terms, Madrid's economy has been, since 2018, slightly bigger in size than that of Catalonia. Madrid has the highest GDP per capita in the country.The region contains three World Heritage Sites: the Monastery and Royal Site of El Escorial, the University and historic centre of Alcalá de Henares, and the cultural landscape of Aranjuez. In addition, the Montejo Beech Forest [es] is part of the transnational Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe world heritage site..
BACKGROUND:Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 is one of the most prevalent serotypes that cause invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children and adults worldwide. Serotype 3 is associated with vaccine failures and breakthrough episodes in children vaccinated with 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). In this study, we aimed to investigate potential genetic mechanisms that could explain the increase in cases of serotype 3 IPD in Spain. METHODS:We analysed the epidemiology of serotype 3 causing IPD in Spain, during 2009-23, in different age groups. Molecular characterisation was performed by whole-genome sequencing. Host-pathogen interactions of the different lineages were evaluated in terms of interaction with lung epithelial cells, biofilm formation, and capsular polysaccharide production, using opsonophagocytosis assays and mouse models of pneumonia. We used Poisson regression models to compare incidence and chi-square test calculations to identify clonal variations across vaccine periods. FINDINGS:Genomic analyses confirmed the predominance of clade I-α/clonal complex (CC) 180 in Spain, which shows increased resistance to complement-mediated immunity and phagocytosis and enhanced potential to infect lung cells. In all isolates of this lineage, we observed a single amino acid substitution (166His→Tyr) in the crucial virulence factor LytA, which increased its enzymatic activity. On evaluating the phagocytosis of mutants without LytA of the two major lineages of serotype 3 (CC180 and CC260), LytA was responsible for the increased phagocytosis-evasion pattern of clade I-α/CC180. Evaluation of individuals with IPD caused by different serotype 3 genotypes confirmed a significant (p<0·05) association between cardiac and respiratory comorbidities and infection by sequence type 180/CC180, which showed the importance of CC180 in IPD. INTERPRETATION:Our findings confirm that PCV13 reduced IPD cases caused by the susceptible CC260 lineage until CC260 was replaced by the clade I-α/CC180 lineage, which has a higher potential to cause IPD and divert the host immune system. A key mutation on LytA protein was associated with this hypervirulent phenotype. Emerging lineages jeopardise the effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. FUNDING:Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and PubMLST.
El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue valorar el efecto que un Programa Lúdico de Estimulación Temprana tiene en los Niveles de Desarrollo Cognitivo y Psicomotor durante la infancia temprana. Se empleó una Escala de Percepción Parental con un coeficiente Alpha de Cronbach de 0,978, la cual tiene alta confiabilidad, y se adoptó un método cuantitativo no experimental. La metodología estadística se fundamentó en el análisis no paramétrico, ya que los datos no eran normales. Los resultados descriptivos confirmaron un éxito generalizado, superando el 86% de los participantes el Nivel Alto en todas las dimensiones del desarrollo y la implementación del programa. El análisis inferencial evidenció una correlación positiva y muy intensa entre las variables, con un Rho de 0,913. En este caso, la calidad del programa lúdico representa más del 90% de la variabilidad en el desarrollo. Se concluye que el Programa Lúdico de Estimulación Temprana es un pronosticador muy eficaz y una táctica exitosa para realzar los niveles de desarrollo cognitivo y psicomotor en la población analizada.
OBJECTIVE:Childhood obesity is a Public Health problem that is unequally distributed across the population. The aim of this paper was to assess baseline socioeconomic determinants (ages four or six) and their association with obesity during follow-up up to age fourteen. METHODS:Participants from the ELOIN cohort (Estudio Longitudinal de Obesidad Infantil) with four standardized weight and height measurements at ages four or six, nine, twelve, and fourteen years old (follow-up 2012-2024) were included. Obesity was defined as BMI (Body mass index) greater than 2 standard deviations according to World Health Organization 2017 growth charts. Socioeconomic variables included: Family Affluence Scale (FAS-II), occupational social class, age, country of birth, and parental educational level. The prevalence of obesity was estimated with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and crude (cPR) and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) (95% CI) were estimated by socioeconomic factors using Poisson regression models. RESULTS:Among 2,124 participants (51% girls), 19.8% had at least one parent born outside Spain and 15.6% reported low family affluence. The highest point prevalence of obesity was observed at age nine (14.7%). Overall, 20.1% (95% CI:18.4-21.8) were classified in obesity in at least one of the four assessments. Higher obesity prevalence was observed in socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. Obesity was associated with being a boy (aPR:1.40; 95% CI:1.17-1.68 vs. girls) and low family affluence (aPR:1.36; 95% CI:1.03-1.80 vs. highest affluence). CONCLUSIONS:A positive association between childhood obesity and being male, as well as, lower socioeconomic status was confirmed. Strategies for prevention and intervention should de prioritised for these groups.
El trabajo analiza la actividad probatoria en los procedimientos sancionadores a docentes en la Comunidad de Madrid, destacando que el instructor debe valorar las pruebas con criterios de razonabilidad hasta alcanzar una certeza suficiente sobre los hechos. Se examinan las principales pruebas (testificales, documentales y la declaración del inculpado como derecho de defensa) y la forma de tomar declaración a las partes y a los testigos, especialmente a los menores.
El presente informe analiza la comunicación remitida por la directora de un centro público de la Comunidad de Madrid tras detectar, al comienzo del curso, que una maestra incorporada recientemente al centro no había elaborado las adaptaciones curriculares ni otros ajustes necesarios para parte del alumnado de su grupo. Pese a los requerimientos para que regularizara esta situación, la docente mantuvo una negativa a asumir dichas actuaciones, de modo que el problema no puede considerarse una mera diferencia de criterio, sino una discrepancia sobre funciones docentes relacionadas con la atención al alumnado. De las actuaciones realizadas resulta también que las maestras especialistas de Pedagogía Terapéutica y Audición y Lenguaje intentaron coordinarse con ella para concretar la respuesta educativa. Sin embargo, la docente se mostró poco receptiva, mantuvo una actitud combativa y sostuvo de forma reiterada que eran estas especialistas, y no ella, quienes debían encargarse de las adaptaciones curriculares. Además, llegó a advertir que denunciaría por presunto acoso laboral la insistencia de la dirección para que asumiera dichas tareas. A partir de estos hechos, el informe examina el reparto de funciones entre la maestra del grupo y las especialistas de apoyo, y valora si la actuación de la docente puede considerarse una simple discrepancia profesional o, por el contrario, un incumplimiento de sus obligaciones. Del mismo modo, se analiza si la alegación de acoso laboral tiene base objetiva o si responde a una reacción frente a requerimientos legítimos dirigidos a garantizar una adecuada respuesta educativa.