Download This Paper Open PDF in Browser Add Paper to My Library Share: Permalink Using these links will ensure access to this page indefinitely Copy URL To What Extent is the Government Working to Crack Down on Corruption and Root Out Bribes? In Robert W. McGee & Serkan Benk (Eds.), The Ethics of Bribery: Theoretical and Empirical Studies. (pp. xxx-xxx). Switzerland: Springer, 2023, Forthcoming 26 Pages Posted: 29 Sep 2022 See all articles by Robert W. McGeeRobert W. McGeeFayetteville State University - Department of AccountingAshiqullah PardisiFayetteville State University Date Written: September 18, 2022 Abstract The present study is part of a much larger study that examined the ethics of bribery and the ethics of tax evasion from a variety of perspectives. This study gathered data from the most recent wave of interviews conducted by the World Values Survey to determine the extent to which governments attempted to crack down on corruption and root out bribery. This question was asked in just three MENA [Middle Eastern and North African] countries – Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon. The analysis found that none of these countries were doing much about corruption and bribe taking, at least in the minds of those who were surveyed. Although Jordan had the best score, well under 50 percent of those surveyed believed that Jordan was doing much to combat corruption and bribery. Iraq ranked last, with a favorable approval rating of less than 25 percent. The women in all three countries had a more positive view regarding their government's efforts to root out corruption and bribery, but even the most favorable group of females had a favorable view in less than 50 percent of the cases. Other demographic variables examined included age, social class, income level, education level, ethnic group, and religious denomination. Keywords: Bribe, MENA, Corruption, Gender, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon JEL Classification: A13, A14, D73, J10, K40, O53, Z10, Z12 Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation McGee, Robert W. and Pardisi, Ashiqullah, To What Extent is the Government Working to Crack Down on Corruption and Root Out Bribes? (September 18, 2022). In Robert W. McGee & Serkan Benk (Eds.), The Ethics of Bribery: Theoretical and Empirical Studies. (pp. xxx-xxx). Switzerland: Springer, 2023, Forthcoming, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4222157 Robert W. McGee (Contact Author) Fayetteville State University - Department of Accounting ( email ) Fayetteville, NC 28301United States HOME PAGE: http://robertwmcgee.com Ashiqullah Pardisi Fayetteville State University ( email ) 1200 Murchison RoadFayetteville, NC 28301United States Download This Paper Open PDF in Browser Do you have a job opening that you would like to promote on SSRN? Place Job Opening Paper statistics Downloads 2 Abstract Views 18 PlumX Metrics Related eJournals Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal Follow Corporate Governance: Social Responsibility & Social Impact eJournal Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 1,219 PAPERS 5,308 This Journal is curated by: Lucian A. Bebchuk at Harvard Law School, Marc J Epstein at Rice University - Jesse H. Jones Graduate School of Business, Geoffrey M. Heal at Columbia University - Columbia Business School, Finance, Donald John Roberts at Stanford Graduate School of Business Public Choice: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making eJournal Follow Public Choice: Analysis of Collective Decision-Making eJournal Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 1,204 PAPERS 13,561 Law & Society: Public Law - Crime, Criminal Law, & Punishment eJournal Follow Law & Society: Public Law - Crime, Criminal Law, & Punishment eJournal Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 885 PAPERS 17,223 This Journal is curated by: Jessica Eaglin at Indiana University Maurer School of Law Microeconomics: Welfare Economics & Collective Decision-Making eJournal Follow Microeconomics: Welfare Economics & Collective Decision-Making eJournal Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 774 PAPERS 17,267 Ethics eJournal Follow Ethics eJournal Subscribe to this free journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 638 PAPERS 8,893 Law & Culture eJournal Follow Law & Culture eJournal Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 606 PAPERS 7,958 This Journal is curated by: Reva Siegel at Yale University - Law School Institutions & Transition Economics: Political Economy eJournal Follow Institutions & Transition Economics: Political Economy eJournal Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 601 PAPERS 5,262 This Journal is curated by: Erik Berglöf at Institute of Global Affairs, London School of Economics and Political Science Cultural Dimensions & Organizational Behavior eJournal Follow Cultural Dimensions & Organizational Behavior eJournal Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 279 PAPERS 1,046 This Journal is curated by: David C. Logan at California Medical Association (CMA) WellnessUniversity of Southern California - Marshall School of Business Criminal Justice Educator: Courses, Cases & Teaching eJournal Follow Criminal Justice Educator: Courses, Cases & Teaching eJournal Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 197 PAPERS 114 Political Economy - Development: Underdevelopment & Poverty eJournal Follow Political Economy - Development: Underdevelopment & Poverty eJournal Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 57 PAPERS 4,217 Sociology Educator: Courses, Cases & Teaching eJournal Follow Sociology Educator: Courses, Cases & Teaching eJournal Subscribe to this fee journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS 30 PAPERS 41 Feedback Feedback to SSRN Feedback (required) Email (required) Submit If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. Submit a Paper Section 508 Text Only Pages SSRN Quick Links SSRN Solutions Research Paper Series Conference Papers Partners in Publishing Jobs & Announcements Newsletter Sign Up SSRN Rankings Top Papers Top Authors Top Organizations About SSRN SSRN Objectives Network Directors Presidential Letter Announcements Contact us FAQs Copyright Terms and Conditions Privacy Policy We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content. To learn more, visit Cookie Settings. This page was processed by aws-apollo-5dc in 0.248 seconds
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection among women of reproductive age. A hallmark of BV is the presence of a highly structured polymicrobial biofilm on the vaginal epithelium, presumably initiated by facultative anaerobes of the genus Gardnerella, which then becomes a scaffold for other species to adhere to. One of the species often found incorporated in Gardnerella mediated biofilms is Atopobium vaginae. Interestingly, A. vaginae is very rarely found without the presence of Gardnerella. However, not much is known regarding the interactions between A. vaginae and Gardnerella species. This study assessed biological interactions between Gardnerella vaginalis and A. vaginae. In our in vitro model, by using specific Gardnerella and A. vaginae Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA)-Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) probes, we confirmed that A. vaginae was able to incorporate a pre-formed G. vaginalis biofilm, accounting for up to 20% of the total number of biofilm cells. However, our findings showed that almost 92% of A. vaginae cells lost viability after 48 h of mono-species planktonic growth, but were able to maintain viability when co-cultured with Gardnerella or after pre-conditioning with cell-free supernatant of Gardnerella cultures. While the in vitro conditions are very different from the in vivo microenvironment, this study contributes to a better understanding of why A. vaginae vaginal colonization rarely occurs in the absence of Gardnerella. Overall, this highlights the importance of microbial interactions between BV-associated bacteria and demands more studies focused on the polymicrobial bacterial communities found in BV.
Global transitions to a more biobased economy are underway. As part of these transitions, WUR calls for a shared strategy on production and consumption of protein. By 2050, humans will consume more animal protein than ever, driven by an increasing population and improved standards of living. This consumption level will deplete our natural resources. Hence, a transition towards eating protein from more diverse, resource-efficient sources is needed. We envision a future in which protein production will be part of a sustainable, affordable, trustworthy and high-quality food system. Purposeful combinations of plants, animals, and microorganisms will be tailored to local conditions. To achieve this even in areas of scarce resources, breakthrough innovation, societal shifts and supportive regulatory changes are required. An integrated European platform supporting changes from farm to table will ensure that EU member states continue to lead the ongoing protein transition.
Social network analysis is an emerging technology. In this era of information, social networks provide stronger bonds in a human organization and provide relationship between human activities. Social network consists of individual persons, organization or groups, or there will be some interdependency. The interdependency may include sharing of knowledge, or resource or idea. In this paper, our research primarily comprises layers of service or resource receivers and service or resource providers. The one group who need resources will make an approach to the system with their requirements. To fulfill the demand or prerequisites, the system may approach some external sources and some resource types. Here we need a system to classify various communities of users with different requirements. Our proposed model is effective, and we have tested with real-life data from an NGO. We compared our research work with some benchmark research work, and we find that the performance of our model works better than existing works.