This study investigates the catalytic pyrolysis of four different plastic wastes, namely, Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP), metallized PET (MET/PET), and metallized BOPP (BOPP/MET) was systematically investigated in a pilot-scale packed-bed reactor operated in batch mode. The reactions were performed without catalysts and using two different catalysts, namely, ZSM-5 and zeolite. Catalytic pyrolysis increased liquid pyrolysis oil production and promoted deoxygenation, particularly for polyolefin-rich feedstocks. Also, GC-MS and FT-IR analyses confirmed that PET and metallized PET (MET/PET) produced high-quality hydrocarbon oils dominated by C-1-C-10 fractions (56-64%), suitable for gasoline applications, with reduced oxygenate content (similar to 13-14%). Catalytic pyrolysis greatly improved liquid oil yield, and zeolite had a maximum yield of 46.67%wt, whereas ZSM-5 catalysis favored more gas production through secondary cracking reactions. GC-MS results showed that hydrocarbon-rich oils containing C1-C10 fractions (56-64%) with reduced oxygenates were produced. Catalytic pyrolysis significantly improved liquid oil yield, with zeolite achieving a maximum of 46.67 wt.%, while ZSM-5 favored gas formation. BET analysis showed a higher surface area for zeolite (297.44 m(2)/g) compared to ZSM-5 (188.97 m(2)/g), correlating with enhanced catalytic performance. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results revealed that zeolite catalyst substantially reduced Global Warming Potential, Acidification Potential, and Eutrophication Potential compared to non-catalytic processes. Additionally, the lowest environmental impact was observed for the pyrolysis conversion of biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) feedstock with zeolite catalyst. The results demonstrate that catalytic pyrolysis enables efficient conversion of non-recyclable plastic waste into low-oxygenate liquid fuels, while also recovering carbon-rich char. This process provides a sustainable thermochemical route toward circular economybased plastic waste management. Polyethylene Terephthalate and multilayer plastics favored increased gas and char formation.
The technique of large-volume fat grafting is gaining recognition in plastic and reconstructive surgery for its potential to restore facial volume and enhance aesthetic outcomes. However, a major challenge remains—the unpredictable retention of grafted fat over time. To improve consistency and long-term results, a deeper understanding of the biological mechanisms governing fat survival and integration after transplantation is essential. This case series examines the long-term outcomes of large-volume autologous fat grafting to the face, focusing on fat survival, patient follow-up and technique refinement for enhanced facial rejuvenation.
Manganese naphthenate (C₂₂H₁₄MnO₄), a black oil-soluble liquid, was used for the first time as a bifunctional homogeneous catalyst in heavy oil upgrading under steam conditions. The catalyst combines two key functions: cracking, due to the 6% manganese content, and hydrogen donation from the naphthenate component, which enhances hydrogenation reactions, increases the H/C ratio, and facilitates hydrodesulfurization. Experiments were conducted in an autoclave reactor using heavy oil with high sulfur content under three temperatures (200, 250, and 300 °C) for 24 hours, in the presence and absence of the catalyst. The study employed several analytical techniques—viscosity measurement, SARA analysis, gas chromatography (GC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)—to evaluate catalyst performance. Gas analysis by GC showed that, without the catalyst, the total light hydrocarbon gases (ΣC₁–C₄) and H₂S reached 0.8150 wt% and 1.2960 wt%, respectively, while with the catalyst, these increased to 1.4905 wt% and 1.5400 wt%. This indicates enhanced cracking and desulfurization activity. Viscosity measurements using a Brookfield Viscometer revealed that at 300 °C, the catalyst reduced the oil viscosity from 2802 mPa·s to 1437 mPa·s, achieving a 51% reduction, compared to only 29% (to 1962 mPa·s) without the catalyst. SARA analysis showed that the light fractions (saturates + aromatics) increased from 72% in the original oil to 80.76% with the catalyst and 75.69% without it, confirming significant cracking and hydrogenation. The presence of MnS in the solid residues after reaction further supports the catalyst’s participation in hydrodesulfurization. Overall, manganese naphthenate demonstrated excellent catalytic activity in upgrading heavy oil through combined cracking, hydrogenation, and desulfurization mechanisms under steam conditions, making it a promising candidate for improving the quality and flow properties of high-sulfur heavy crude oils.
Tamil, a Dravidian language family member, is widely spoken in numerous Indian states. But languages like Tamil, are under- represented on the web. Many NLP models perform worse with these languages when compared to English, the effects of which lead to subpar experiences in many web applications for most of the users. The number of Tamil websites has grown and continues to expand. Tamil newspapers, periodicals, and e-journals are examples. Therefore Tamil Question Answering System will be beneficial to many people who are in the rural areas and also for those who prefer our native Tamil Language. This paper aims to create a Question Answering System in Tamil using deep learning techniques, starting from question processing through an interface, retrieving the relevant context for the given question and finally the answer is displayed after appropriate processing. The model is evaluated using a manually created test dataset and the metrics are analyzed.
The need for renewable energy with minimal greenhouse gas emissions has increased due to rising demand for usage, increasing adverse effects associated with combustion of fossil fuels and fossil fuel shortage. About one-third of food produced is being wasted before human consumption, with almost all of it presently being burned. Since food waste is insanely rich in organic and nutritional components, it can be highly recommended as a potential feedstock for the manufacture of biofuel. Lot of research has been done on the characteristics of food waste and its management. The most promising solution appears to be the conversion of food waste into biofuel. This strategy has the ability to lessen reliance on petroleum-based products, stabilize food prices, and address society's attitude about food waste in addition to food waste management. The current situation of food waste, its properties, and the most creative use as a feedstock for biofuels are all summarized in this chapter.
