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Biofilm-associated infections represent a major clinical and biological challenge due to their ability to persist within host tissues while evading immune clearance and antimicrobial therapy. These structured microbial communities profoundly alter host immune signaling, particularly cytokine and chemokine networks, leading to sustained inflammation and tissue damage. Despite advances in antimicrobial development, biofilms continue to undermine treatment efficacy by promoting antibiotic resistance, dysregulated gene expression, and chronic inflammatory states, especially in wounds, implanted medical devices, and respiratory infections. Key challenge lies in complex bidirectional interactions between biofilm components and host immune pathways, which result in maladaptive immune responses rather than effective pathogen elimination. The novelty of this study lies in its integrated analysis of biofilm-mediated cytokine and chemokine dysregulation across bacterial and fungal biofilms, emphasizing molecular mechanisms, immune cell reprogramming, and host-specific determinants of disease progression. The purpose of this work is synthesizing current evidence on how biofilms modulate inflammatory signaling; identify critical regulatory pathways involved in chronic infection, highlighting emerging therapeutic strategies targeting both microbial persistence and immune imbalance. Major outcomes include bacterial biofilms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and polymicrobial wound biofilms, illustrating altered cytokine profiles, immune gene regulation, delayed wound healing, and tissue remodeling. The review also addresses biofilm-driven immune dysfunction in chronic wounds and respiratory diseases, linking molecular signaling events to clinical outcomes. Hence, understanding cytokine and chemokine dysregulation in biofilm-associated infections is essential for the development of immune-informed, personalized therapeutic strategies, and future interventions must integrate antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and immunomodulatory approaches to achieve durable clinical success.
The design of green and high-performance supercapacitors requires optimization of both electrode materials and electrolyte chemistry. A systematic understanding of how redox additive concentration in highly concentrated electrolytes governs charge storage behaviour and device performance is still lacking. In this study, activated carbon derived from orange peel waste was employed as the electrode material, while the electrolyte was systematically engineered by introducing different amounts of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) (0–30 mg) into 5 mL of 6 M KOH solution. Physicochemical characterizations (BET, FESEM and Raman) confirmed the porous carbon structure with a high surface area of 967.53 m2/g and partially graphitic domains suitable for double-layer charge storage. Electrochemical measurements demonstrated a strong dependence of capacitance on the concentration of the redox additive. The electrode tested in 6 M KOH containing 20 mg PPD delivered the highest performance, achieving a specific capacitance of 479.61 F g− 1 at 2 mV/s, with an energy density of 16.65 Wh kg− 1 at an average power density of 119.9 W kg− 1 in a symmetric two-electrode configuration. In contrast, both lower (≤ 15 mg) and higher (≥ 25 mg) PPD concentrations resulted in reduced performance, indicating an optimum redox contribution at intermediate loading. Long-term cycling confirmed 50
Dengue infection is caused by an arboviral pathogen that has imposed life-threating risk on millions of people worldwide through its wide spectrum of symptoms with no clinically approved therapeutics available till date. The non-structural 3 (NS3) protein constitutes two domains namely amino terminal protease and carboxy terminal helicase. The protease and helicase are involved in cleaving the polyprotein to form the mature viral proteins and unwinding of the viral genome during replication respectively. The probable small molecule binding sites were predicted using CastP and the obtained data matched to existing literature evidences. Virtual screening of drugs from the DrugBank database, against these binding sites were conducted which led to selection of druggable ligands based on the binding affinity scores with subsequent MD simulation studies. Finally, two compounds, DB06237 (Avanafil) and DB11262 (Bisoctrizole) were selected for further studies based on computational analyses. ADMET profiling of these two compounds revealed their potential drug-like nature based on their physico-chemical properties. Advanced MD methods like ColDock simulation were also executed to estimate the spontaneous binding propensity of the two selected molecules with the entire NS3 protein. It was observed that both the molecules bound to the binding sites spontaneously as revealed from ColDock MD simulations. The final selected molecule was further subjected to extended MD simulation in order to study the binding dynamics of the molecule in the protein binding pocket. This study may provide an insight for utilizing small molecule inhibitors for the pharmacological development and repurposing of established drugs to curb the fatal consequences of dengue virus infection.
In recent times, materials with multifunctional properties have garnered significant interest. A single-phase multiferroic (PrFeO3)0.24-(PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3)0.76 was successfully synthesized using the conventional solid-state reaction method. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of a single phase with a tetragonal P4mm crystal structure. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed a dense microstructure with uniformly distributed grains. Magnetic field dependent ferroelectric measurements showed the change in the polarization with respect to the applied magnetic field. Magnetic hysteresis studies indicate canted antiferromagnetism with field-activated weak ferromagnetic interactions. Dielectric and AC conductivity investigations identified Maxwell-Wagner interfacial polarization as the dominant mechanism. At 1.2 T and 100 Hz, magneto-dielectric measurements demonstrated that the peak magnetoresistance (MDR) is 47.6%, while magnetoelectric coupling studies revealed a peak ME coefficient (alpha = 0.5676 mV/cm Oe). These results show that the designed composition exhibits coexistence of ferroelectric and magnetic orders along with clear magnetoelectric coupling, making it a promising candidate for multifunctional device applications.
Despite growing evidence of climate- and human-mediated disruptions to sediment regimes in peninsular Indian river systems, integrated, process-based frameworks linking erosion, export, connectivity, and retention for reservoir management remain limited, particularly for aging infrastructures such as Hirakud Dam, which has lost 27
