Eastern Michigan University (EMU, EMich or simply Eastern Michigan), is a public research university in Ypsilanti, Michigan. It was founded in 1849 as the Michigan State Normal School, the fourth normal school established in the United States and the first American normal school founded outside New England. In 1899, the Michigan State Normal School became the first normal school in the nation to offer a four-year curriculum. The normal school became a university in 1959, gaining the current name Eastern Michigan University. The university is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity". It is governed by an eight-member board of regents whose members are appointed by the governor of Michigan for eight-year terms. The university comprises eight colleges and schools: College of Arts and Sciences, College of Business, College of Education, College of Health and Human Services, College of Technology, the School of Music & Dance, an Honors College, and a Graduate School. The university's site is composed of an academic and athletic campus spread across 800 acres (3.2 km2), with over 120 buildings. EMU has a total enrollment of more than 16,000 students.Since 1991 Eastern Michigan athletes have been known as "Eagles" and the school mascot, Swoop, was officially adopted by the university three years later.The university's student-athletes compete as the Eastern Michigan Eagles in the NCAA Division I Mid-American Conference.
This comprehensive review provides a critical examination of the literature on marketing and racial dynamics centring the concept of racialised market structures, emphasising aspects of power and resistance within marketing domains which shape racial dynamics in Global North and Global South marketplace contexts. Grounded in theoretical frameworks positing a macro-level racial structuring of markets and enduring presences of racial hierarchies, this article identifies key historical antecedents; important power domains surrounding race in market-oriented organisations, institutions and systems; and addresses associated market navigation and resistance activities by marketplace participants. Through systematic analysis of 330 sources spanning 2017-2026, a model of racial dynamics in the marketplace is developed to guide future examinations of marketplace racial dynamics across multinational contexts, providing actionable research questions for scholars in global settings.
Objective We evaluated the dimensionality of an Anti-Asian racism (AAR) measure, informed the development of a brief measure, and validated a brief AAR measure. Method We conducted a national survey of 748 Asian American adults in 2023 (64.6% female). Bi-factor analysis was used to evaluate the dimensionality of the AAR measure, and Graded Response Models (GRM) informed the development of the brief measure of AAR. We also evaluated concurrent validity. Results The AAR scale is unidimensional. GRM was conducted to derive a brief (6-items), reliable, and valid measure of AAR. Our brief measure of AAR yielded valid and reliable scores, and was associated with firearm purchasing, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and appraisals of safety, demonstrating concurrent validity. Conclusions The brief measure of AAR includes items related to subtle, blatant, and cultural racism. The brief scale offers opportunities for real-time, momentary assessments and opportunities to discuss AAR in the community health setting.
Traumatic peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) are high-stakes presentations in the emergency department (ED). Missed deficits and delayed referral can lead to functional loss and chronic neuropathic pain. This review summarizes an ED-centered approach to evaluation, early risk stratification, and management pathways. Contemporary epidemiology suggests PNIs after extremity trauma occur at clinically meaningful rates. High-resolution ultrasound and neuromuscular ultrasound can visualize nerve continuity, focal enlargement, traumatic neuroma, and entrapment, though performance depends on operator skill and nerve depth. Magnetic resonance neurography complements ultrasound for deeper nerves, plexus-level injury, and muscle denervation patterns. Electrodiagnostic testing remains central for localization and prognosis but is usually most informative in the subacute period. ED care should integrate mechanism-based suspicion, nerve-specific examination with repeat post-reduction reassessment, selective imaging when it changes decisions, timely surgical consultation for suspected transection/entrapment/progression, and clear documentation with structured follow-up. We recommend an emergency department approach to traumatic peripheral nerve injury that prioritizes early recognition, identification of time-sensitive lesions, and a closed-loop follow-up plan when observation is appropriate. Every at-risk extremity trauma should receive a nerve-specific motor and sensory exam documented before and after reduction, splinting, or casting, because evolving deficits can reflect entrapment, hematoma expansion, ischemia, or compartment syndrome. When mechanism and exam raise concern for high-grade injury, particularly sharp lacerations with motor loss, open fractures with neurologic deficit, progressive weakness after immobilization, or deficits out of proportion to pain, urgent surgical consultation is warranted. High-resolution ultrasound adds the most value when it answers a focused question that changes acute decisions, specifically whether the nerve is in continuity, whether there is focal compression by hematoma or displaced fragments, and whether post-reduction positioning is producing dynamic impingement. In stable closed injuries with preserved continuity and no red flags, we favor functional splinting, multimodal analgesia, and early specialty follow-up with a planned timeline for electrodiagnostic testing in the subacute period to localize injury and guide prognosis. For suspected deep nerve or plexus involvement, equivocal ultrasound, or complex regional injury patterns, magnetic resonance neurography can complement ultrasound by defining lesion extent and demonstrating denervation patterns that influence urgency. Overall, ED success depends less on assigning a perfect injury grade at presentation and more on reliably detecting injuries unlikely to recover spontaneously, reassessing after interventions, and ensuring timely definitive nerve evaluation.
United States schools have long served corporate, industry and business interests by sustaining a spirit of capitalism through discourses and practices in classrooms. As a literature review and discourse analysis, this paper traces the history of free enterprise and capitalist propaganda in United States schools to demonstrate how the sociological concept of a spirit functions through curriculum and pedagogy, thereby contributing to the naturalization of capitalism. Though cultural justifications for capitalism have changed over time since Max Weber first conceived of a spirit of capitalism, the viability of the system still relies on cultural legitimization. Contemporary capitalism depends on and promotes an imprudent culture and spirit of waste. Capitalist-driven global warming and climate changes threaten the justifications offered in prior spirits of capitalism, and it will take more than a new iteration to overcome the material conditions of ecological annihilation.
PurposeThis study examines how President Trump's anti-DEI (diversity, equity and inclusion) executive orders are reshaping workplace inclusion for people with disabilities, using a global, multi-stakeholder perspective. It explores the challenges and opportunities these policies present for employers and organizations, emphasizing their impact on both disability inclusion and broader DEI efforts.Design/methodology/approachQualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 key stakeholders, including leaders of disability advocacy organizations, directors of academic disability centers, disability employment legal experts, and independent DEI researchers and consultants from seven countries.FindingsTrump's anti-DEI executive orders have generated significant uncertainty and retrenchment, but disability does not neatly mirror the trajectory of other DEI categories. Instead, participants depict disability as occupying a distinct legal and organizational position, anchored in the ADA yet increasingly exposed to policy backsliding and organizational risk aversion, prompting some employers to narrow recruitment and outreach while spurring others to reassess and more deliberately embed disability inclusion within their structures and practices.Originality/valueEmpirical research examining the organizational consequences of Trump-era anti-DEI directives remains limited. Rather than viewing the current climate solely as a setback, our findings suggest a generative moment that enables organizations to interrogate performative DEI practices and reimagine more authentic, structurally embedded approaches to inclusion.
