Esa Unggul University

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) and digital twins promise greater continuity between manufacturing design and shop-floor operations, but their integration often stops at conceptual diagrams. A traceable, event-aware integration architecture is developed to connect requirements, system structures, operating data, model versions, and verification evidence. Critical synthesis of recent research identifies persistent disagreements about what must be synchronized, how heterogeneous tools exchange meaning, and when predictive models remain trustworthy after equipment changes. A six-stage engineering workflow specifies interface contracts, state reconciliation, change control, verification gates, and retirement decisions. An illustrative production-cell scenario shows how the approach could be evaluated against document-centred and data-only baselines without presenting simulated benefits as measured industrial results. The central contribution is an auditable digital thread that connects engineering intent with operational evidence.

This chapter examines the integration of Digital Twin technology with Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) as a comprehensive approach for supporting the design, operation, and lifecycle management of complex systems. The discussion highlights how structured system models can be extended through real-time data integration to enable continuous monitoring, simulation, predictive analysis, and adaptive decision-making. The chapter explains the fundamental concepts of systems engineering, digital engineering, and Digital Twin architectures, followed by the role of enabling technologies such as IoT, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and data analytics. Various industrial applications, including manufacturing, aerospace, healthcare, energy, and smart infrastructure, are also presented to demonstrate practical implementation. In addition, the chapter evaluates key benefits such as improved traceability, predictive maintenance, operational efficiency, and system reliability while discussing challenges related to interoperability, scalability, cybersecurity, and data governance.

Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) is a driver of digital engineering, but industrial adoption remains uneven and its benefits are asserted rather than measured. This chapter reviews organizational, technical, economic, cybersecurity, data-governance, and sustainability challenges affecting MBSE across sectors. Its main contribution is a challenge-to-action synthesis linking barriers, causes, impacts, mitigation strategies, technologies, indicators, and research gaps. It also discusses ISO/IEC/IEEE 15288:2023, SysML v2, NASA guidance, AI-assisted modeling, digital twins, digital threads, and secure automation. A NASA mission-formulation case distinguishes reported outcomes from unverified expectations. The analysis shows that MBSE requires a governed sociotechnical transformation, not merely tools or diagrams. A phased roadmap covers readiness assessment, pilot implementation, stabilization, scaling, and lifecycle optimization. Research priorities include value measurement, interoperability, assurance, human-centered modeling, cybersecurity, AI accountability, and sustainability.

PurposeThe recently observed rapid deterioration of the natural environment and the associated negative consequences for human health have led to the need for significant changes in the pursuit of environmental policies at both national, local and regional levels. The promotion and implementation of a wide range of eco-innovations in every sphere of life can influence the public's interest in environmental issues in the broadest sense and motivate them to undertake diverse environmental activities. The purpose of this research is to assess the role of eco-innovation in shaping pro-environmental mentality among students. A visual overview is provided in the graphical abstract.Design/methodology/approachUsing a survey-based methodology with a sample of 1,000 students, the research identifies four types of eco-innovations and constructs a model linking these innovations to pro-environmental actions based on the type of study.FindingsThe research showed that the creation of environment pro-environmental mentality al awareness among tertiary students is mainly influenced by product innovations (mainly the reduction of toxic substances by using innovative resources) and process innovations (mainly innovative recycling methods). Organisational and marketing innovations are attributed less importance by students in the context of creating pro-environmental mentality.Originality/valueThe originality and novelty of the study lies in the identification of four types of eco-innovations depending on their impact on the creation of pro-environmental mentality among students, and the construction of a model of actions for the creation of pro-environmental mentality among students in relation to the type of study.

Climate change profoundly affects the phytochemical profiles and therapeutic potentials of medicinal plants through environmental stressors such as rising temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and increased atmospheric CO2 levels. This review critically examines the mechanisms underlying these impacts, focusing on physiological plant responses, shifts in primary and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, and the consequent effects on medicinal efficacy and toxicity. Our findings indicate that elevated CO2 often enhances biomass production but exerts variable effects on bioactive compound concentrations; temperature fluctuations disrupt phenological phases, thereby altering medicinal quality; and water stress significantly modulates secondary metabolite profiles. While these environmental challenges threaten plant-based healthcare, potential mitigation strategies—including sustainable agricultural practices, genetic engineering, and conservation approaches—are discussed as viable solutions. We recommend future research to emphasize metabolomics, interdisciplinary methodologies, and integration of traditional knowledge to bolster resilience and preserve the therapeutic efficacy of medicinal plants amid ongoing climatic uncertainties.