The rapid advancement of quantum computing will break widely deployed public-key cryptography algorithms, such as Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC), and therefore there is an urgent need to migrate toward quantum-safe cryptographic infrastructures. It is critical to understand the characteristics of the first generation of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) algorithms, once standardised by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), in terms of practical deployment to enable evidence-based migration planning. We provide a migration-aware benchmarking of PQC algorithms standardised by NIST on a state-of-the-art ARM-based computing architecture. In this paper, we compare RSA-2048 and ECC-P256 with Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism (ML-KEM-512), Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Algorithm (ML-DSA-44), and Falcon-512. The experimental evaluation consists of: comparative cryptographic benchmarking, communication analysis for deployment purposes, transport layer security (TLS) handshake evaluation, low-bandwidth communication benchmarking, concurrent communication scalability analysis, statistical significance testing, and multi-criteria deployment trade-off analysis. The results of the benchmarks show that ML-KEM provides the best trade-off between computational performance, communication costs, scalability and ease of deployment and is thus a promising candidate for the first step of quantum-safe migration. ML-DSA has high implementation stability for digital signature applications, while Falcon has better bandwidth efficiency because of its compact signature size but higher implementation complexity. In addition, hybrid classical–PQC deployment offers a feasible transitional approach that maintains compatibility with legacy infrastructures and incrementally enhances quantum resilience. To summarise, this work provides a thorough experimental baseline for migration-oriented evaluation of standard PQC algorithms on modern ARM platforms and practical findings to facilitate the incremental adoption of quantum-safe digital infrastructures, especially in emerging digital ecosystems such as Indonesia.
Modern power systems increasingly require forecasts that not only achieve statistical accuracy but also sup port reliable operational and planning decisions under uncertainty. This review synthesizes 107 studies on how probabilistic forecasts of load and renewable generation are converted into optimization decisions in renewable-integrated power systems. Unlike prior reviews that treat forecasting, uncertainty quantification (UQ), and optimization separately, this review treats all three as a single coupled decision chain, mapping which forecaster-UQ-optimizer combinations are methodologically mature and which remain unexplored. Using a PRISMA 2020-guided process, we classify studies by forecasting architecture, uncertainty representation, op timization paradigm, application domain, and time horizon. The review shows that short-term and day-ahead horizons dominate the corpus, while scenario generation and stochastic optimization remain the most common bridges from uncertainty representation to decision-making. However, only a minority of studies report calibra tion or proper scoring metrics, and geographic transferability remains weak. The strongest structural gap is the limited coupling between advanced probabilistic forecasters and downstream optimization objectives. We iden tify four research priorities-joint probabilistic forecasting for multi-energy systems, decision-focused forecast training, transfer learning for data-scarce grids, and conformal prediction linked to stochastic or distributionally robust optimization-alongside a fifth, cross-cutting priority: explainable and well-calibrated probabilistic fore casting. The review provides a decision-chain taxonomy for designing uncertainty-aware energy-management pipelines in renewable-rich power systems.
This study designed the micro-scale version of PeLUIt-10 with a thermal power of 10MWt for application in remote areas. The main focus was on optimizing the core geometry to facilitate transportation and evaluating fuel integrity. This work introduces an integrated trade-off analysis to systematically evaluate the coupled effects of core size reduction on reactor performance, safety, and core component transportability. The first geometry optimization was conducted by reducing the core volume from 5.0 m3 to 3.0 m3 with H/D ratio of 0.9, with a burnup limit of 40 MWd/kg-HM, and the second was reducing the total diameter of the core and side reflector to fit inside a standard container. Neutronic analysis was conducted using the PEBBED code, thermal hydraulic analysis using the one-dimensional solver in PEBBED code, and TRISO fuel particle failure was evaluated using the TRIAC-BATAN code with the Once Through Then Out (OTTO) refueling scheme. The results showed that the maximum burnup decreased with the reduction in core volume, and the design criteria for burnup (above 40 MWd/kg-HM) were fulfilled at the core volume of 3.7 m3 (41.58 MWd/kg-HM). Under the Depressurized Loss of Flow and Coolant accident, the reactor maintained the temperature well below the safety limit. The failure fraction was also calculated, which resulted in lower failure fraction in a smaller core volume. To address the core components transportability of the reactor, the core diameter was reduced to meet the standard issue container dimensions. When reducing the side reflector thickness at the previously acquired core volume, the reactor could not maintain criticality because the resulting increase in neutron leakage dominated the effect of the fissile inventory. However, increasing the volume and H/D ratio proved to be successful in reducing the core diameter while maintaining the performance, which is 4.3 m3 with H/D ratio of 2.5, resulting in a total core diameter of 2.499 m.
Zircon derived from tin mining by-products in Bangka-Belitung represents a potential secondary resource for ceramic applications; however, its utilization is limited by low ZrO2content and elevated impurity levels. This study evaluates an integrated beneficiation-alkali roasting-acid leaching approach to upgrade zircon quality and assess its suitability as a ceramic opacifier. High-tension separation (HTS) effectively enriched zircon into a mineralogically concentrated product; however, XRF analysis revealed that chemically significant Fe-, Ti-, and Si-bearing impurities remained, indicating that physical beneficiation alone was insufficient to satisfy ceramic-grade specifications. SEM-EDS observations revealed progressive transformation from impurity-associated zircon grains to cleaner, zirconia-rich particles after treatment. The results demonstrate that upgrading behavior is controlled not only by process conditions but also by inherited microstructural features and mineral associations. Although the final product reached 65.70 wt% ZrO2, approaching the composition reported for ceramic opacifier materials, laser diffraction analysis showed a D50 of 6.96 mu m, while a measured whiteness index of 63.26% indicated only moderate optical quality owing to residual chromophoric impurities. This study provides a mineralogy-informed processing framework for upgrading zircon from complex tin-derived systems and supports its potential as a locally sourced ceramic raw material.
In tropical peatland regions, direct chlorination of peat water is a common household practice to improve clarity and ensure microbial safety. However, this simple treatment can produce toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs) due to the high organic matter and acidity of peat water. This perspective examines the dual nature of chlorination—its effectiveness in removing bacteria and reducing color, versus its role in generating hazardous halogenated compounds. Chlorine reacts with humic and fulvic substances, yielding trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and other DBPs with mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. In the absence of controlled dosing and residual monitoring, households often use excessive chlorine, allowing prolonged reactions and increasing DBP concentrations. Field observations in Indonesian peatland communities indicate that chlorination is typically guided by visual cues rather than quantitative control, leading to a false sense of safety. The paper highlights the urgent need for risk awareness, simple pre-treatment steps to remove precursors, and practical dosing guidance to balance microbial and chemical safety. Future efforts should emphasize locally appropriate technologies such as biochar filtration, natural coagulants, or hybrid UV-chlorination systems. Ensuring safe drinking water for peatland populations requires integrating scientific understanding, community education, and policy action to reduce DBP exposure without compromising microbial protection.
