We consider a three-state solid-on-solid (SOS) model in the presence of a nonzero external field on a Cayley tree. A system of functional equations corresponding to this model is derived, where each solution defines a quasi Gibbs measure. Based on this system, we investigate the translation-invariant p -adic quasi Gibbs measures (TIpQGMs) of the model. In the case of a binary Cayley tree, we explicitly determine the TIpQGMs under the same conditions. Furthermore, by analyzing the boundedness of these measures, we establish the existence of a phase transition.
This article examines euphemisms as a distinct layer of the lexical and phraseological system of language. Their relationships with direct nominations, synonyms, dysphemisms, and thematic groups of taboo vocabulary are analyzed. Special attention is paid to the communicative functions of euphemisms, including the mitigation of utterances, adherence to speech etiquette, social adaptation, as well as ideological and manipulative influence. The article also describes the main methods of euphemism formation: periphrasis, metaphorization, metonymization, borrowing, semantic generalization, litotes, terminologization, and phraseologization.
This article examines the lexical and terminological interpretation of “respect” from linguistic, sociological, and cultural perspectives, focusing on its communicative and pragmatic functions in intercultural communication.
В статье диалогичность рассматривается не как внешняя форма обмена репликами, а как принцип смысловой организации текста. На сопоставительном материале русского и узбекского языков описаны адресатный, полемический, интертекстуальный и рефлексивный контуры диалогизации. Показано, что различия языкового оформления не отменяют общей коммуникативной модели «автор – другой».
The article examines euphemisms as a means of the ethical and rhetorical organization of speech. The research material consists of a manual selection of 120 contexts from the Russian National Corpus, retrieved through thematic queries related to death, illness, age, social status, the intimate sphere, and legal communication. The study establishes that euphemisms perform not only a nominative function but also ethical, rhetorical, pragmatic, and evaluative-regulatory functions. Corpus examples demonstrate that euphemistic substitution is particularly active in situations where direct naming may be perceived as harsh, distressing, socially inappropriate, or communicatively unsuitable.
