The university was named after the famous Salvadoran scholar, Francisco Gavidia.
Abstract This article presents the results of a study whose objective is to analyze trends in public- sector teacher salaries in El Salvador between 2000 and 2024, taking a historical view and based on various economic indicators. This is a documentary study founded on national official data and statistics, as well as international references. In the first instance, the discussion is initiated on the importance of analyzing teacher salaries in the context of evaluating educational policies. Next, it provides an overview of the legal framework of the country’s current teacher salary policy. Third, a comparative analysis of teacher salary is conducted in relation to five economic indicators: Per capita income, the minimum wage, the cost of the basic food basket, inflation, and the share of teaching salary expenditure in relation to GDP. These indicators are used to conduct a temporal analysis, with the aim of identifying comparative tendencies which help understand their trajectory. The results suggest the valorization and dignification of teachers are not reflected in their salaries, as these have not kept pace with the country’s economic growth and shows a loss of purchasing power over time within the public service. It is hoped that these findings will serve as input for future studies, both nationally and internationally, and contribute to proposals for improvements in policies aimed at the teaching profession in El Salvador and the region.
Coral reefs in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), covering 140 km² (0.04% of the total global coral reef extent), are under increasing climate and anthropogenic threats. Coral reef development and species distribution in the ETP are conditioned by the characteristic isolation of the region and its strong environmental variability, including El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events and upwelling. Focusing on coral reefs, marginal reefs, and their degraded/collapsed counterparts, located in Mexico, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador, and encompassing five coastal and five oceanic ecoregions, we applied a standardized method to assess the risk of ecosystem collapse based on four criteria (i.e., decline in distribution, restricted geographic distribution, environmental degradation, and disruption of biotic processes and interactions). The ETP is characterized by a high overall risk of coral reef ecosystem collapse, with nine of the ten ecoregions classified as Critically Endangered and one ecoregion Collapsed. Across ecoregions, collapse risk was primarily associated with severe environmental degradation, particularly increasing thermal stress, although the relative contribution of other factors varied geographically. In three Critically Endangered ecoregions, severe environmental degradation was compounded by additional vulnerabilities, including reduced geographic distribution and disruption of biotic processes and interactions in Nicoya, reduced geographic distribution in the Eastern Galápagos Islands, and inherently restricted geographic distribution in Clipperton Atoll. The widespread high-risk status across both continental and oceanic ecoregions indicates that reef decline is not driven by a single pressure, but rather by the convergence of naturally marginal environmental conditions with accelerating climate and local anthropogenic stressors. These include thermal stress and coral bleaching, as well as land-based pollution, sediment and nutrient inputs, wastewater discharge, coastal development, and unsustainable fishing. The reef extent assessment conducted here represents the best available regional estimate and a standardized baseline for evaluating reef collapse risk. These results highlight the urgent need to safeguard the remaining coral-dominated reefs, persistent coral refugia, and herbivore and piscivore assemblages through coordinated regional management. Priority actions include reducing land-based pressures along continental margins, strengthening fisheries management and enforcement, maintaining ecological connectivity among reefs, as well as strengthening reef monitoring programmes regionally. Integrating these measures with transboundary governance, effective management of Marine Protected Areas, restoration actions, ecosystem-based management, direct conservation of resilient reefs, and climate-adaptation strategies will be essential to prevent further ecosystem collapse.
La investigación analiza la representación femenina en las antologías de poesía salvadoreña publicadas entre 1910 y 2026, entendiendo la antología como un dispositivo editorial con capacidad de consagración y exclusión. Desde un enfoque crítico y feminista, se cuestiona el lugar que han ocupado las mujeres en el canon literario nacional, reconociendo que su visibilidad ha estado mediada por estructuras de poder y violencia simbólica. La metodología consistió en un mapeo documental de 28 antologías de poesía publicadas durante el período señalado, diferenciando entre compilaciones mixtas y aquellas exclusivamente femeninas. Se realizó un análisis cuantitativo de la participación de autoras, así como una revisión crítica del contexto editorial, institucional y cultural en que dichas obras fueron producidas y difundidas. Los resultados revelan una subrepresentación persistente: solo cinco antologías fueron exclusivamente femeninas y, en las compilaciones mixtas, la participación de mujeres rara vez superó el 30 %. Además, los registros institucionales, como catálogos oficiales y diccionarios de autores, confirman el sesgo de género en los procesos de legitimación literaria. La discusión plantea que la publicación de mujeres autoras no puede seguir dependiendo de esfuerzos aislados, sino que requiere políticas públicas sostenidas con enfoque de género. Se concluye que la visibilización de la poesía femenina debe entenderse como una acción de justicia simbólica y cultural que permita reconstruir genealogías, garantizar el acceso equitativo al canon y transformar las dinámicas editoriales excluyentes.
This article analyzes the judgment in the case of the Rama and Kriol Peoples, the Black Creole Indigenous Community of Bluefields and Others v. Nicaragua, in which the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACHR) declared the Nicaraguan State internationally responsible for violating political, social, cultural, and environmental rights related to the recognition and enjoyment of collective property rights by several indigenous, tribal, and Afro-descendant communities, in the context of the State’s promotion of a large-scale infrastructure project. In this judgment, the IACHR, for the first time, expressly recognized the right of indigenous and tribal peoples to self-determination —self-government or community autonomy—. Based on the concurring opinion of two IACHR judges on the judgment, the article analyzes, in a cross-cutting manner, various rights protected by Article 26 of the American Convention on Human Rights, highlighting that, in relation to the same circumstances, different, closely related conventional rights are affected. Thus, emphasizing the characteristics of indivisibility and interdependence of human rights, which are directly related, among others, to the right to prior, free and informed consultation, required in the case of large-scale projects; the rights claimed in this case are protected by articles 13, 21, 23 and 26 in relation to the general obligations of respect and guarantee (arts. 1.1 and 2) of the American Convention.
