We present an analysis of rest-frame optical and far-infrared continuum emission in three luminous submillimeter galaxies (SMGs) at 3.0 less than or similar to z less than or similar to 4.5. The SMGs are spatially resolved down to 400-500 pc ( similar to 0.'' 05 ) resolution by James Webb Space Telescope and Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array observations. Despite similarities in their observed far-infrared properties (flux density, infrared luminosity, and effective radius), the three SMGs exhibit heterogeneous morphologies both across wavelengths and among the sources themselves. While two of them (AzTEC-4 and AzTEC-8) show a disk-like structure in the optical continuum, AzTEC-1 is dominated by a highly concentrated component with a S & eacute;rsic index of n = 5.4, where its far-infrared continuum emission is clumpy and less concentrated. AzTEC-4, which is confirmed to be at z = 4.198, shows a two-arm spiral of dust, but not in the stellar distribution. These three SMGs exemplify that multiple physical mechanisms exist in triggering starbursts in luminous SMGs at high redshift: secular instability in gas disks (AzTEC-4) in addition to possible minor mergers (AzTEC-8), and a combination of the efficient gas supply to the central core induced by a gas-rich major merger and the re-formation of a cold gas disk (AzTEC-1).
The paradigm of Large Language Models is undergoing a fundamental transition from static inference engines to dynamic autonomous cognitive systems.While current research primarily focuses on scaling context windows or optimizing prompt engineering the theoretical bridge between micro scale token processing and macro scale systemic intelligence remains fragmented.This paper proposes AgentOS,a holistic conceptual framework that redefines the LLM as a "Reasoning Kernel" governed by structured operating system logic.Central to this architecture is Deep Context Management which conceptualizes the context window as an Addressable Semantic Space rather than a passive buffer.We systematically deconstruct the transition from discrete sequences to coherent cognitive states introducing mechanisms for Semantic Slicing and Temporal Alignment to mitigate cognitive drift in multi-agent orchestration.By mapping classical OS abstractions such as memory paging interrupt handling and process scheduling onto LLM native constructs, this review provides a rigorous roadmap for architecting resilient scalable and self-evolving cognitive environments.Our analysis asserts that the next frontier of AGI development lies in the architectural efficiency of system-level coordination.
We introduce a class of Reinhardt domains with finite-dimensional Bergman spaces for which the orbit of the origin under the holomorphic automorphism group is determined solely by the structure of the monomial basis of the Bergman space. As an application of our main result, we investigate the holomorphic equivalence problem for an uncountable one-parameter family of Reinhardt domains in C2, which was originally introduced by Huang, Li, and Treuer in their study of Bergman metrics with constant holomorphic sectional curvature 2. They showed that all domains in this family have a finite-dimensional Bergman space of dimension 3. Based on their work, we demonstrate that this family consists of mutually biholomorphically inequivalent domains, which establishes the existence of an uncountable family of such domains possessing Bergman spaces of the same finite dimension. (c) 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.
Fractally grown dendritic nanostructures exhibit exceptional potential across various applications, particularly in electrochemical catalysis, owing to their high surface area and abundant reactive sites. Such structures can be synthesized via diffusion‐limited aggregation (DLA), which requires tightly controlled growth conditions, such as a low precursor supply rate. Two‐dimensional materials, especially transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), provide an ideal platform for realizing atomically precise dendritic architectures. In this study, we present a strategy for synthesizing fractal dendritic networks of monolayer WS2 nanoribbons by employing an interfacial nanoreactor to create a highly confined growth environment. The dendritic WS2 nanoribbons were formed at the interface between the monolayer WS2 and the growth substrate, facilitating a DLA‐dominated growth regime. Atomic‐scale structural analysis revealed atomically sharp edges of dendritic WS2 nanoribbon networks. High‐resolution scanning electrochemical cell microscopy demonstrated enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction activity, with the catalytic current localized at the dense edges. Furthermore, a combination of experimental analysis and theoretical modeling provided insights into the surface‐diffusion‐governed growth mechanism. These findings offer a new approach for designing edge‐rich TMDC nanostructures and pave the way for their integration into high‐performance catalytic and electrochemical devices.
We have characterized the superconducting critical temperature ( Tc), the Debye temperature ( theta D), the electronic specific heat coefficient, and the Vickers microhardness of HfNbTiVZr, NbTiZr, HfNbTi, HfNbZr, and HfNbTa, all possessing a body-centered cubic (bcc) structure. By compiling a comparable dataset for other equiatomic quinary bcc high-entropy alloy (HEA) superconductors, we have examined the validity of the hypothesis regarding the high-entropy effect in bcc HEA superconductors, as proposed in our previous work. This hypothesis attributes the observed negative correlation between the electron-phonon coupling constant ( lambda e-p) and theta D to a reduced phonon lifetime at higher theta D, arising from the uncertainty principle in highly disordered quinary alloys. However, a pronounced change in this negative correlation is not evident in equiatomic ternary alloys with a lower degree of atomic disorder, thereby providing limited support for the hypothesis. Alternatively, by assembling the full dataset of bcc alloys spanning binary through senary systems, we have identified a universal negative correlation between lambda e-p and theta D. This result would be useful for the materials design of bcc superconducting alloys. We further propose that the Vickers microhardness offers an alternative means to evaluate theta D and may serve as a rapid screening metric for identifying bcc alloys with desired properties.
