General Tadeusz Kościuszko Military University of Land Forces

The purpose of this article is to present the ways in which public organisations utilise Industry 4.0 and IT 4.0 tools to achieve high quality and rapidly meet the needs of citizens. The text addresses the topic of organisational responsiveness in the context of the digitisation of public services, a subject rarely discussed in the field of management. The research methodology employed includes an analysis of bibliographic sources and a secondary analysis of collected academic materials and statistical data. The study defines responsiveness as the speed and accuracy with which stakeholders’ needs are met, placing particular emphasis on the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) and the role of artificial intelligence and Big Data. The main conclusion of the work is that full responsiveness of a public organisation becomes achievable only in the context of a “networked” World 4.0. It has been demonstrated that modern technologies allow the administrative system to evolve from a reactive to a predictive model. Through the use of neural networks, it becomes possible to anticipate the emergence of specific needs before they are actually signalled by citizens, leading to a high degree of service personalisation and a significant increase in the efficiency of the public sector.

This article evaluates how nuclear energy development may affect energy security and nuclear energy security in Slovakia up to 2050. It applies a qualitative-dominant mixed-method design combining critical source-position appraisal, a claim-evidence matrix, quantitative reconstruction of the 2021–2024 electricity balance, comparison of three official 2040 adequacy scenarios, stress tests for a 1200 MW large reactor and a 300 MW small modular reactor (SMR), and negative-case analysis. The results show that Slovakia entered 2024 as a net electricity exporter after Mochovce Unit 3 increased nuclear generation, while electricity consumption remained 3.1 TWh below 2021. The decline from 2021 to 2022 reflected a combination of the energy-price shock, industrial demand curtailment, lower fossil generation and hydrological variability rather than a single structural factor. Official 2040 scenarios project gross generation of 43.9–48.5 TWh, of which nuclear contributes 24.2–26.7 TWh, approximately 55%. Adding a 1200 MW unit would generate about 8.4–10.0 TWh annually at capacity factors of 80–95%, creating a material need for demand growth, exports, storage, nuclear heat, hydrogen or load-following operation. The analysis therefore does not treat the Bohunice project or SMRs as inevitable. Their contribution to energy security is conditional on financing, licensing, fuel diversification, grid flexibility, heat off-takers, climate-resilient cooling, radioactive-waste governance, workforce continuity and transparent public governance. A diversified pathway combining safe long-term operation of existing units, renewables, wind development, storage, demand response and selective nuclear investment is more robust than a single-project strategy.

In this publication, the author examines the evolution of Class I FPV (First Person View) unmanned aerial vehicles, focusing on how they have evolved from civilian use to military applications. The article outlines the origins of FPV technology, its development, and the technical and organisational factors that made it possible to adapt it to the conditions of the modern battlefield. Particular attention is paid to the technical characteristics of small-class FPV drones, including communication systems, video transmission, and the individual components from which the unmanned aerial vehicle is made. The article illustrates the scale and manner of FPV drone deployment in the Russia–Ukraine conflict, during which they became a key tool for asymmetric operations at the tactical level. It discusses both the improvised nature of some technical solutions and mass production, dedicated procurement platforms and the development of operational procedures. A separate section of the analysis is devoted to Operation Spiderweb, presented as an example of the coordinated use of FPV drones to strike targets of strategic importance, in terms of cost-effectiveness. This case study documents the potential arising from the combination of miniaturisation, technical improvisation and elements of autonomy in unmanned systems. The article also addresses the issue of integrating FPV drones with artificial intelligence algorithms, drawing attention to the ethical implications associated with the increasing autonomy of battlefield equipment. The purpose of the article is to outline the evolution of Class I FPV drones, highlight their current combat applications, and identify potential directions for further development and their impact on future armed conflicts. The methodology involved an analysis of academic publications in the field of security and defence, analytical reports and OSINT (Open Source Intelligence) sources, including audiovisual material supplemented by statements from defence sector institutions. An additional research source was the author’s own observation and practical experience in the design and operation of FPV unmanned aerial vehicles. This experience made it possible to verify some of the findings concerning technical solutions and operational capabilities. Research limitations stemmed from the ongoing and rapidly evolving nature of the conflict; the research approach adopted allowed to draw substantive conclusions.

Military training increasingly requires rapid and accurate decisions under high cognitive load, making executive functions and performance stability under stress operationally relevant. This study examined whether indices derived from the adaptive Determination Test (DT) - reactive stress tolerance (RST), median reaction time (MRT), and incorrect reactions (IR) - are associated with cadets' combat training performance. Ninety-one cadets (71 men, 20 women; M age = 21.93, SD = 1.47) from a Polish military academy completed the DT. Combat training performance was operationalized as the composite mean of scores obtained across ten checkpoints completed during a field task referred to as the "tactical loop" (MTP; ω = 0.60). Spearman correlations and hierarchical linear regression (controlling for age and sex) were applied, with sensitivity analyses to assess robustness. Higher MTP was associated with higher RST (ρ = 0.38; p < .001) and faster MRT (ρ = -0.41; p < .001), whereas IR was not associated with MTP. In the hierarchical regression model, DT indices explained additional variance in MTP beyond age and sex (ΔR2 = 0.143, p = .009), although individual DT predictors did not reach conventional statistical significance when entered simultaneously. MRT showed the strongest partial association with MTP (β = -0.30, p = .069). These findings suggest that adaptive DT indices capturing response speed and correct responding under dynamically adjusted stimulus load are meaningfully related to cadets' training outcomes, although their effects partly overlap and should not be interpreted as fully independent predictors.

The purpose of this article is to identify threats affecting the functioning of command posts and to present methods for mitigating them based on experiences from modern armed conflicts. The author uses the DINOCAVE model to classify risk factors and draws on U.S. Army recommendations for increasing the resilience of command posts. The importance of dispersion, camouflage, mobility and perimeter security as key factors ensuring continuity of command is discussed. It is emphasised that the effectiveness of command posts depends on the integration of organisational, technical and information solutions, as it allows commanders to maintain control in a multi-domain threat environment.