Hercules, Inc. was a chemical and munitions manufacturing company based in Wilmington, Delaware, United States, incorporated in 1912 as the Hercules Powder Company following the breakup of the DuPont explosives monopoly by the U.S. Circuit Court in 1911. Hercules Powder Company became Hercules, Inc. in 1966, operating under this name until 2008, when it was merged into Ashland Inc.An earlier Hercules Powder Company was formed in 1882 by DuPont and Laflin & Rand Powder Company. This company was dissolved on June 30, 1904.Hercules was one of the major producers of smokeless powder for warfare in the United States during the 20th century. At the time of its spin-off, the DuPont Corp. retained the processes and patents for the production of "single-base" nitrocellulose gunpowders, whereas Hercules was given the patents and processes for the production of "double-base" gunpowders that combined nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.S.Hercules, Inc.S.S.S.S.S.S..
Interest in the mechanisms by which hot spots either grow to sustained reaction or are quenched results from the observation that the energy required to ignite a propellant or explosive can be significantly less than that needed to bulk heat a test specimen uniformly to its ignition temperature. This result is independent of the original form of nonthermal energy and has been used to interpret data for shock, impact, friction and electrostatic discharge (ESD) stimuli. We present new flowcharts that include events resulting in hot spot formation and subsequent pathways that lead to sustained reaction or quenching. The mechanism appears capable of categorizing and demonstrating the similarities and differences between hot spot growth to ignition or hot spot quenching, for shock, impact, and ESD stimuli. Sample confinement and temperature and stimulus duration are the independent variables whose roles are particularly clarified in the mechanism.
A content analysis of the one hundred and ten letters received in response to Exposure Drafts for settlements and curtailments of defined benefit pension plans is combined with a comparison of the Exposure Drafts (FASB, 1986) and the final rule, SFAS 88, (FASB, 1988) to determine if lobbying efforts were successful in obtaining a more desirable rule.
The classical master sintering curve (MSC) is derived from empirical sintering model and is applicable over a range of heating rates and temperatures. For simplicity, the MSC approach was modified by assuming one dominant densification mechanism to evaluate and predict densification response. However, the concept of MSC can be extended well beyond the original formulation or the subsequent simplifications. To this effect, generalized formulations are proposed based on several constitutive equations including both grain growth and densification. These formulations can be used very effectively to obtain material properties that in turn can be used in finite-element method to improve the accuracy of the simulations.
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) is a neutral branched polysaccharide derivatized from a wood substrate. Widely used in whipping vegetable creams, HPC is a thickening biopolymer having surface active properties both at air/water and oil/water interfaces. Myglyol/water interfacial rheology was used to characterize the behavior of HPC at this interface in the presence or the absence of lecithin, an emulsifier classically used in combination with HPC. Addition of HPC in the aqueous phase leads to an increase of the surface pressure at the oil/water interface depending on the HPC concentration. The higher the HPC concentration, the shorter is the lag time before the surface pressure increase. The equilibrium surface pressure is about 13–16mNm−1 whatever the HPC concentration in the studied range. In order to understand the way the HPC positions itself at the interface, a viscoelastic characterization of the interface was performed during adsorption, in the presence and in the absence of lecithin. A comparison to the stability of emulsions containing HPC or HPC/lecithin is made and discussed using droplet size evolution and droplet displacement rate to an upper layer.
An environmentally friendly water-based pathway to form the azide derivatives of soybean oil and fatty esters is reported. This entails first the formation of epoxides and then the azidization of the epoxides. The azidization reaction is carried out at high yields in water with only a small amount of an ionic liquid as a catalyst. The distribution of azide and alcohol functionalities on the fatty acid moiety is approximately random. This reaction has been applied to methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, soybean oil, and methyl soyate. The resulting structures have been studied by NMR.
