Hijli College

This article aims to develop a fuzzy bi-objective economic production quantity (EPQ) model where total demand splits in two parts, one for the online customers and the other for the offline customers. Here online demand is fraud-risk sensitive and follows a normal distribution, but offline demand assumes an intuitionistic fuzzy number. First of all, a crisp bi-objective (producer's profit and customer's cost optimisation) production inventory model has been solved under cyber-physical system. Then, due to the existence of uncertainty in offline demand, it is considered as a triangular intuitionistic fuzzy number (TIFN), and hence an intuitionistic fuzzy bi-objective mathematical model has been constructed. For model validation, by assuming offline demand as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN), a triangular fuzzy bi-objective model is formed to compare the result with the TIFN model. However, some comparative analyses have been discussed to show the validity of the model. All the models are solved by an entropy-based optimisation technique. To defuzzify the intuitionistic fuzzy model, the defuzzification method based on score and accuracy functions is utilised, and for the triangular fuzzy model, defuzzification is done by traditional approach. To show the practical usefulness of the proposed method, we have considered a real case study (picked up from a daily newspaper) for numerical illustrations. Numerical illustrations disclose that our approach is more profitable for decision maker, which gives +1.94% more profit than that of the existing one. Finally, sensitivity analysis and graphical illustrations also have been done to validate the proposed approach.

A fibre-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor architecture is numerically investigated for resolving near-unity refractive-index variations in a polymer-coated fibre geometry using angular modulation. The proposed structure employs a multilayer coating on the fibre sensing region consisting of Ag-Cr-(Bi2O3-Al2O3-SiO2)-VOC-sensitive polymer, enabling plasmon excitation under total internal reflection and interrogation through angular modulation. The Bi2O3-Al2O3-SiO2 film layer provides a high refractive index and broad transparency, enabling strong field localisation. Finite-element simulations are used to analyse field confinement and evanescent penetration at representative angles, demonstrating enhanced interface-localised fields at lower angles, thereby increasing overlap with the polymer layer. The angular SPR response exhibits a sharp resonance near 44°, with limited wavelength-dependent drift across 630–636 nm (43.86–43.95°), supporting a stable angular operating point; performance metrics in this band indicate favourable behaviour near 634 nm. To examine refractometric response in a gas-phase-relevant regime, the refractive index of the outer polymer layer is perturbed by small increments, and the resonance shift is extracted. For sensing RI ranging from 1.001 to 1.010, the resonance angle shifts monotonically from 43.8599° to 44.4031° (Δθres = 0.5432°), yielding an angular sensitivity of 60°/RIU with only modest broadening of the linewidth. These results substantiate plasmonic angular modulation in a fibre-guided SPR geometry as an effective approach for resolving ultralow refractive-index variations relevant to gas-phase VOC sensing.

This study reports the design and numerical optimization of a multilayer Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) sensor for detecting small refractive-index variations relevant to breath-based diagnostic applications. The proposed sensor integrates a NaF prism with successive layers of Copper (Cu), Titanium Dioxide (TiO2), Chalcogenide Glass (ChG) film, and Black Phosphorus (BP), forming a highly confined plasmonic interface. Numerical simulations are carried out to inspect the capabilities of Se-Te-Ge-Sb chalcogenides as a coupling-layer material using Kretschmann SPR configuration. The ChG thin film layer provides a high refractive index and broad transparency, enabling strong field localization and efficient light-matter interaction. The anisotropic BP overlayer further enhances plasmonic sensitivity and minimizes damping losses. Optical characterization of the ChG film has been performed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, while the angular reflectivity response of the full structure is simulated in MATLAB using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The optimized configuration operating at 700 nm achieved an angular sensitivity of similar to 100.1 degrees/RIU, a figure of merit (FOM) of 33 RIU-1, and a detection limit of 1.38 x 10(-5) RIU. A linear correlation between the resonance angle and refractive index variation confirmed high detection precision and stability. The obtained findings suggest that the introduction of a chalcogenide layer improves the refractive-index sensing performance of the multilayer NaF-Cu-ChG-TiO2-BP SPR sensor structure and may be used for early-stage lung disease screening via breath analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Caste division and socioeconomic deprivation among marginalized communities in Indian Hindu society, since the pre-independence period, necessitate further investigation into the inequality in undernutrition prevalence between upper caste (UC) and marginalized children. This study aims to estimate the gap in overall undernutrition prevalence between UC and Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe (SC/ST) children in traditional Hindu society from 2005 to 2021. Additionally, it seeks to quantify the contributions of various factors-including child, maternal, household, and regional backgrounds-in explaining the gap of undernutrition between UC and marginalized children over the past 15 years. METHODS:The study employed three rounds of the National Family Health Survey Data (NFHS-3, 4, and 5) and estimated the prevalence of undernutrition using the Composite Index of Anthropometric Failure (CIAF). The Fairlie decomposition method was utilized to estimate persisting inequality and quantified contributions of different background variables in explaining the inequality between UC and SC/ST children in the prevalence of CIAF. RESULTS:Although the CIAF gap between Hindu UC and SC/ST children has declined from 2005-2006 to 2019-2021, it remains substantial, falling from 19.28% to 14.67% points between Hindu UC and SC, and from 22.46% to 18.42% points between Hindu UC and ST from 2005-2006 to 2019-2021. The influence of background variables in explaining the CIAF gap between Hindu UC and SC/ST children has declined from 2005-2006 to 2019-2021, indicating an increasing impact of unmeasured determinants over time. This study also highlights the substantial roles of household socioeconomic status, maternal education, household WASH conditions, child anemia levels, and birth order in explaining the CIAF gap between Hindu UC and SC/ST children over the past decade. CONCLUSIONS:The outcome of the study suggests interventians to reduce socioeconomic inequality between UC and SC/ST sections and adequate measures to improve mothers' education level, household WASH conditions, and childhood anemia among marginalized sections for reducing inter-group differences in the prevalence of childhood undernutrition in India.

The Sundarbans face recurrent cyclones, storm surges, erosion, and salinity intrusion, creating a persistent multi-hazard environment that continually challenges local communities. While several vulnerability–resilience assessments exist, limited attention has been given to capacity-based approaches, particularly how adaptive, absorptive, and transformative capacities interact across the delta. To address this gap, we developed a community resilience capacity index that integrates 21 parameters and 60 indicators across the three dimensions of adaptive, absorptive, and transformative capacities. Weights were derived using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) based on expert opinion surveys, and a composite index was computed by aggregating indicator scores. A bottom-up approach guided the study, involving household surveys across 11 villages in five community development blocks of South 24 Parganas District, representing inland, estuarine, and coastal settings. Findings show that inland locations exhibit higher resilience capacities than estuarine and coastal islands. Villages such as Dakshin Gangadharpur and Sonakhali display relatively balanced scores, whereas Kantamari, Nafarganj, and Baliara register lower resilience. Overall resilience capacity scores indicate stronger short-term absorptive capacities than long-term adaptive or transformative ones, reflecting a coping-oriented resilience pattern. Our study highlights the need for integrated capacity enhancement, with an emphasis on strengthening embankments, diversifying livelihoods, improving health and water access, and fostering multi-stakeholder collaboration to build and sustain the critical assets necessary for resilience within this fragile deltaic ecosystem.