AP2/ERF transcription factors are extensively involved in regulating plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, a genome-wide systematic identification and analysis of the LhAP2/ERF gene family was performed in lily, leading to the identification of 304 LhAP2/ERF genes that were unevenly distributed across 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into 5 subfamilies and 17 subgroups, with members of the same subfamily exhibiting highly similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Cis-acting element prediction indicated that this gene family is widely involved in light response, hormone regulation, stress response, and growth and development processes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression levels of most LhAP2/ERF genes changed significantly during petal senescence, among which LhERF061 were selected to research its role in petal senescence. The results showed LhERF061 encodes a hydrophilic protein localized in the nucleus, with moderately expression in petals. Its expression gradually decreased during flower senescence and was significantly induced by abscisic acid (ABA), low temperature, and loss-water stress. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of LhERF061 accelerated cut flower senescence in lily flowers, accompanied by reduced relative water content and increased accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In contrast, transient overexpression of LhERF061 in lily petals and heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana both significantly delayed petal and whole-plant senescence. This study provides a theoretical basis for elucidating the AP2/ERF gene family in lily and for molecular breeding aimed at extending the vase life of cut lily flowers.
Under mild conditions, efficient CO2 conversion requires heterogeneous catalysts that synergistically integrate CO2 capture and activation, epoxide activation, and nucleophilic ring-opening processes. Herein, triazine-based organic polymers were used as frameworks to construct multifunctional catalysts CT-P-X, CT-A-X, and CT-H-X (X = 10–50) via an end-capping strategy exploiting residual C–Cl terminal groups in cyanuric chloride and introducing –COOH, –NH2, and –OH hydrogen-bond donor groups. These catalysts integrate Lewis basic nitrogen sites, hydrogen-bond donors, and nucleophilic Cl− anions within a single polymeric framework, as confirmed by characterization analyses. In the absence of solvent and cocatalyst, CT-A-30 afforded chloropropylene carbonate (CPC) in 98% yield with 99% selectivity at 90 °C and 0.25 MPa CO2 within 8 h. Moreover, CT-A-30 exhibited broad substrate scope and maintained catalytic activity under low-concentration CO2 atmospheres, affording an 80% yield, together with stable recyclability, retaining 98% yield initially and 90% after six cycles. DRIFTS and DFT analyses revealed a cooperative mechanism, where –NH2 polarizes the epoxide C–O bond, Cl− promotes nucleophilic ring opening, and the nitrogen-rich framework facilitates CO2 adsorption and activation, collectively lowering the reaction energy barrier. This work presents an end-capping strategy to engineer the catalytic microenvironment of triazine-based organic polymers, providing insights into multifunctional catalyst design for CO2 conversion.
For Pt-based superalloys with a gamma - gamma' dual-phase microstructure, the lattice misfit between the two phases significantly affects the lattice coherent strain field, thereby dictating their mechanical performance. Here, high-throughput first-principles calculations were used to estimate the lattice misfit at finite temperatures. The calculated lattice misfit for Pt3 Al, Pt3 Sc, Pt3 Ti, Pt3 Zr, and Pt3 Hf at 300 K are -0.985%, 0.525%, -0.316%, 1.405% and 0.903%, respectively. Due to the higher antiphase boundary (APB) energy and shear modulus of both Pt3 Al and Pt3 Hf, the combination of Pt3 Hf with positive lattice misfit and Pt3 Al with negative lattice misfit can optimize the overall lattice misfit in Pt3 (Al1-x Hfx )1 through compositional tuning. The calculated lattice misfit for Pt3 (Al0.625 Hf0.375 )1 is -0.154% at 300 K and approaches zero at elevated temperature. The alloy Pt82 Al11.25 Hf6.75 (at.%) was prepared, and in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction measurements reveal lattice misfit of -0.135%, -0.20 0%, -0.062%, -0.089%, and 0.060% at 298 K, 573 K, 873 K, 1173 K, and 1473 K, respectively, which agree well with the calculated values. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) confirms that the gamma and gamma' phases form a coherent structure. The near-zero lattice misfit induces a coherent strain field around the gamma' precipitates, effectively im peding dislocation motion. The com pressive strengths of Pt82 Al11.25 Hf6.75 at 1173 K and 1473 K were measured as 666.6 MPa and 186.4 MPa, respectively, exceeding those of previously reported Pt-Al-based superalloys. (c) 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.
Dynamic loading makes the effective design of phase change material (PCM) coupled liquid-cooling battery thermal management systems a time-dependent optimization problem. The first step in system design is to select or configure PCM with appropriate thermophysical properties. Currently, no optimal PCM selection strategy exists for frequent thermal shock conditions, and research on the coupling relationships and substitutability among these parameters remains scarce. This study contributes two coupled parts. A methodology system integrating multi-method modelling with a six-layer interpretation and validation pipeline, and the quantitative substitution relationships among PCM thermophysical properties that this system discovers for material selection guidance. A machine learning surrogate was established to analyze the effects of C-rate, duration and four thermophysical parameters on liquid fraction, average temperature and maximum temperature, with the optimal model selected through systematic comparison. SHAP interpretation reveals that the dominant material parameter shifts with discharge stage. For liquid fraction, the governing factor shifts from specific heat capacity in the initial stage to thermal conductivity in the late stage, while for temperature responses, melting temperature gives way to thermal conductivity as the dominant parameter. Within the 0–210 s transient thermal control window, coupling relations among latent heat, melting temperature and thermal conductivity were clarified. A latent heat increase of 100 kJ/kg corresponds to a thermal conductivity rise of 0.34 W/(m·K) to maintain stable maximum temperature, whereas an opposite trend emerges when liquid fraction is considered for economic evaluation. Thermal conductivity increases by 0.1 W/(m·K) per 1 °C rise in melting temperature, providing guidance for melting thermal management design.
In low-intensity magnetic separation (LIMS), agglomeration of ferromagnetic particles is a common phenomenon due to magnetic attraction between them. As a result, some gangue minerals will be enclosed in the magnetic concentrate, and the mechanism of magnetic agglomeration is very complicated. While previous studies relied on macroscopical observations on magnetic deposit or idealized numerical simulations on separation process. This study introduced a novel method for in-situ observation of particle distribution within concentrate product. To be specific, a custom platform with detachable magnetic module was built for LIMS experiments; at the end of each test, the magnetic module loaded with magnetic concentrate was carefully detached from the platform; after being dried and hardened with epoxy resin, the particle position in magnetic product was locked, making it convenient for microscopic observation on magnetic agglomeration in polished surface. In the test examples, Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) for the resin-embedded magnetic concentrates showed that gangue particles were mainly captured in the interstitial spaces between magnetic chains. By increasing grinding fineness, the separation efficiency could be enhanced by reducing gangue entrainment. The method presented in this paper provided a novel approach for theoretical research on magnetic agglomeration, and may promote the development of LIMS technology.
