IntroductionIn schizophrenia (SCZ) research, endophenotypes represent intermediate links between the polygenic architecture of the disorder and clinical phenomenology. These neurobiological markers must meet specific criteria, including heritability, state independence, and cosegregation within families. This review examines the evolution of endophenotype research, from physiological and cognitive markers to social cognition.MethodWe conducted a narrative mini-review to evaluate recent evidence on the validity of neurophysiological, neuropsychological, and social-cognitive parameters as candidate endophenotypes for SCZ.ResultsAmple evidence supports oculomotor, event-related potentials, and cognitive deficits as endophenotypes found consistently in probands and first-degree relatives. In social cognition, results are more heterogeneous. While Theory of Mind and emotion processing show promise as candidate endophenotypes, evidence regarding social perception and attributional bias remains inconsistent.DiscussionCurrent data confirm the utility of neurophysiological and neuropsychological markers as established endophenotypes. While specific social cognition components require further validation, recent investigations demonstrate greater impairments in SCZ on mentalization tasks compared to other psychiatric conditions. The integration of these markers is relevant for stratified psychiatry and treatment personalization. Furthermore, recent findings suggest a transdiagnostic role for certain endophenotypes, indicating shared neural vulnerabilities across the schizoaffective spectrum.
Ureteropelvic junction obstruction can cause significant changes in the upper urinary tract (UUT). Although pyeloplasty may successfully restore normal flow through the UPJ, those modifications do not resolve immediately and may persist. We aimed to characterize the sonographic remodeling pattern of the UUT following successful pyeloplasty. Prospective multicenter study, including pediatric patients status post-pyeloplasty (2021–2022) with standardized US assessments at 2, 6 and 9 months, 1 and 2 years after double J stent removal. The primary outcome was the percentage reduction in anteroposterior diameter (APD) of the renal pelvis compared to baseline. 31 patients, median age at surgery was 6.5 months (IQR 6.5–105.5). Median preoperative APD was 24 mm (21–31 mm), with median reductions of 30
Accurate delivery-date estimation underpins obstetric care, yet conventional dating performs worst where it is most needed: late-presenting pregnancies without reliable early ultrasound or menstrual history, common in public-sector and migrant populations. We report an independent, multicentre external validation of a prospectively deployed, image-only ultrasound artificial-intelligence (AI) system that predicts days to delivery from standard ultrasound frames alone—without gestational age, biometry, demographics, annotations, or any dating input. Across 3,788 singleton studies from 2,550 pregnancies at four Chilean public hospitals, the AI predicted the delivery date with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 6.9 days (95% confidence interval [CI] 6.7–7.0). Critically, its accuracy was undiminished where conventional dating is structurally weakest: in pregnancies lacking reliable first-trimester dating the AI achieved an MAE of 6.4 days, whereas estimation from the established due date deteriorated to 13.2 days. The model’s high-coverage prediction intervals were well calibrated (96.5% empirical coverage of the approximately 94% interval), supporting a calibrated delivery-date range rather than a single date. Head-to-head within the same studies, the image-only estimate was more accurate than the due date as used in practice in 69% of pregnancies; prespecified sensitivity analyses showed that part of this margin reflects correction of a systematic, population-specific bias in the 280-day convention, with a smaller residual advantage in dispersion. This dating-independent, calibrated estimate could narrow a persistent equity gap for the patients whom conventional dating serves least well.
Introducción el melanoma cutáneo es la neoplasia cutánea más letal. En Chile, la alta radiación ultravioleta, el envejecimiento poblacional y las brechas en el acceso a especialistas plantean un escenario desafiante. El objetivo fue caracterizar la mortalidad por melanoma en Chile durante el período 2023–2026, según variables demográficas y territoriales. Material y métodos estudio ecológico poblacional con datos del DEIS (CIE-10: C43). Se calcularon tasas de mortalidad por 100.000 habitantes a partir de las proyecciones del INE. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión de Poisson con enlace log y offset por ln[población] para estimar razones de tasas (IRR), ajustadas por índice de envejecimiento y macrozonas (2023–2025). El año 2026 se consideró solo para el análisis descriptivo. La ruralidad se definió según el INE. Resultados se registraron 890 defunciones. La mortalidad mostró un marcado gradiente etario (más del50% de los casos en personas de 65 años o más). El sexo masculino presentó mayor riesgo (IRR: 1,44; p < 0,001). La macrozona sur mostró mayor mortalidad que la norte (IRR: 1,85; IC 95%: 1,24–2,82), con interacción significativa entre el sexo masculino y la región de Antofagasta. Las mayores proporciones de defunciones en las áreas rurales se observaron en O'Higgins (47,9%) y Los Ríos (41,2%). Conclusiones existen desigualdades demográficas y territoriales. Pese a la mayor radiación en el norte, el riesgo es superior en el sur, lo que sugiere un rol del fototipo y del acceso a la salud. Es urgente fortalecer la detección precoz en hombres mayores y mejorar la cobertura dermatológica en zonas rurales.
