The realization of high-performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials is particularly dependent on the regulation of interface structures, and the construction of multi-component heterogeneous interfaces is an effective strategy to achieve high-performance EMW absorption in materials. In this study, a three-dimensional flower-like ZnS/Co1 -x S@C composite material was prepared by hydrothermal method, stepwise gas-phase selenization, and gas-phase sulfidation processes. The formation of multiple heterogeneous interfaces through stepwise gas-phase selenization and sulfidation enhanced the interface polarization ability of the material and significantly improved the electromagnetic wave loss efficiency. The results show that the ZnS/Co1 -x S@C composite material has excellent EMW absorption performance, with a minimum reflection loss (RLmin ) of -53.75 dB at 3.4 mm and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EABmax ) of 7.28 GHz at 3.2 mm. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations verified that the built-in electric field constructed at the heterogeneous interface strengthened the interface polarization loss. Meanwhile, the radar cross-section (RCS) simulation further demonstrated that the material has good electromagnetic stealth properties, providing a new idea for the research on the construction of multiple heterogeneous interface sulfide composites. (c) 2026 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.
With the advent of the era of artificial intelligence, electromagnetic pollution has gradually come into people's view, seriously affecting our daily life and production activities. In this study, carbon fiber was used as the matrix material. Composite materials with multiple topological structures were prepared by electrospinning strategy, high-temperature selenization and subsequent hydrothermal method. The introduction of bimetallic selenides endows the system with a magnetic loss mechanism. Meanwhile, the semiconductor properties play a positive role in reducing the impedance mismatch caused by the high conductivity of carbon fibers. Through the subsequent hydrothermal method, a sheet-like structure is grown on the surface of the fiber, which greatly promotes the multiple reflection and scattering of electromagnetic waves (EMWs) within the material. Meanwhile, the heterogeneous interface between NiSe2/CoSe2 and MnO2/C captures the moving electrons, thereby generating rich interface polarization behaviors. During the high-temperature gas-phase selenification process, the selenium vacancies generated and the oxygen vacancies produced in the subsequent hydrothermal process jointly promote dipole polarization. The NCSM@CNFs composite material prepared with this method exhibits a cooperative bipolar polarization effect in combination with strong interface polarization, thereby achieving excellent EMW absorption performance.
Construction of built‐in electric fields (BIEFs) in nanohybrids has been corroborated as a robust strategy for modulating the electromagnetic response by manipulating the charge redistribution and built‐in electrostatic potential gradients, thereby enhancing the dielectric polarization attenuation. Nevertheless, substantial challenges persist in the comprehensively elucidation and reinforcement of BIEFs from both micro and macro perspectives. Herein, this review systematically elucidates the role of BIEFs in electromagnetic waves (EWs) protection. First, the fundamental principles of BIEFs are systematically outlined, including key concepts, response mechanisms, and characterization techniques. Then, the main optimization strategies‐particularly morphology regulation and defect engineering‐are critically examined to enhance BIEFs effect. The EWs absorption capabilities of representative BIEF‐based absorbers are further dissected, categorized by semiconductor–semiconductor junctions, metal–semiconductor heterostructures, and van der Waals interfaces. Subsequently, a concise summary highlights the effective strategies to optimize the overall performances of BIEFs type absorber. Furthermore, interdisciplinary perspectives are introduced by focusing on the integration of BIEFs with energy conversion, EWs responsive photocatalysts and smart detectors/sensors. Finally, current challenges and future development directions of BIEF engineering are rationally discussed, offering valuable insights for the design of high‐efficiency smart EWs absorbers.
As-received Al–7Si LM25 alloy and its 10 wt.
The crested porcupine optimizer (CPO) is a recently developed metaheuristic algorithm noted for its efficacy in numerical optimization. However, its application in large-scale, high-dimensional configurations—such as multi-UAV swarm coordination—is often hindered by computational bottlenecks, including an imbalance between exploration and exploitation and a lack of cooperative search mechanisms. To address these challenges and meet the stringent real-time performance requirements of complex mission planning, this paper proposes an improved crested porcupine optimizer (ICPO) designed for high-performance computing (HPC) environments. The ICPO incorporates four synergistic enhancements: (1) Dynamic Cosine-based Adaptive Parameter Adjustment (DCAPA): This strategy leverages the nonlinear characteristics of the cosine function to dynamically modulate the search intensity, ensuring an optimal transition from global exploration to local refinement while reducing the redundant computational overhead. (2) Proactive Response Mobility (PRM): Inspired by the “stimulus–response” concept, this mechanism replaces stochastic “blind escape” with an environment-aware adaptive migration, enabling individuals to perceive high-dimensional landscapes from multiple directions—a structure highly conducive to parallel processing and distributed execution. (3) Guided Differential Mutation (GDM): By integrating global best guidance with stochastic perturbations, this strategy accelerates convergence and stabilizes the algorithm against environmental uncertainty, providing the computational efficiency necessary for time-critical decision-making. (4) Enhanced Tactical Movement (ETM): This strategy reinforces cooperative adaptation among swarm members, significantly improving search coordination and the ability to escape complex local optima in resource-intensive optimization tasks. The performance of ICPO was rigorously evaluated using the IEEE CEC 2017, 2019, and 2020 benchmark suites. Results demonstrate that ICPO exhibits superior scalability and stability when solving complex, high-dimensional problems. Furthermore, simulation experiments in high-threat, large-scale mountainous terrains show that ICPO consistently generates energy-efficient paths with rapid convergence and low computational latency. These outcomes demonstrate that ICPO provides an effective and robust solution for real-time multi-UAV path planning, particularly in parallel-computing frameworks characterized by high dimensionality and multi-objective constraints.
