ABSTRACT The device integration of nanofiber architectures is limited by weak interfacial adhesion and inefficient load transfer at nanofiber–substrate interfaces, leading to poor mechanical robustness and restricted processing compatibility. Here, we report a nanoembossing strategy that enables the interfacial embedding of electrospun nanofibers into lithographically patterned thin frames. Gelatin nanofibers are electrospun onto a patterned OrmoStamp thin film and thermally embossed at 180°C for 1 min. During embossing, a thermally activated compliant surface layer of OrmoStamp undergoes surface‐conformal viscoelastic flow, facilitating intimate contact and stress redistribution of the gelatin nanofibers during crosslinking. Upon cooling, the nanofiber structures transform into an ultrathin two‐dimensional membrane that is mechanically stable due to nanofiber embedment on the surface of OrmoStamp. With the aid of a soft buffer layer, the process further enables curved and fused nanofiber geometries, resulting in well‐defined three‐dimensional nanofiber architectures. These nanofiber structures can subsequently serve as backbone for the self‐assembly of hydrogels or proteins, forming ultrathin functional membranes that support cell culture and tumor spheroid co‐culture under microfluidic conditions. Notably, the resulting membranes exhibit sustained structural integrity after drying and storage, highlighting the inherent robustness of the nano‐embossed nanofiber architecture.
ABSTRACT Facilitating the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial for sustainable electrochemical hydrogen production, yet molecular‐level regulation of interfacial electronic coupling remains insufficiently understood, particularly in functional‐group‐engineered catalysts. In this study, we report a conjugation‐dependent interfacial electronic coupling strategy to regulate the electronic structure of NiO supported on single‐walled carbon nanotubes. By introducing carboxyl groups (─COOH) or carboxymethyl groups (─CH 2 COOH) by inserting a methylene spacer (─CH 2 ─) into ─COOH, the interfacial electronic contact can be precisely tuned, enabling direct comparison of conjugated and interrupted coupling interfaces. The optimized COOH‐NiO achieved a mass activity of 730 A g −1 , significantly outperforming its CH 2 COOH counterpart (111 A g −1 ). This result highlights the importance of functional group regulation in optimizing Ni active sites to enhance OER performance. Combined in situ electrochemical spectroscopy and theoretical analyses reveal that enhanced interfacial electronic coupling induces charge redistribution at Ni active centers, thus optimizing the d‐band center and accelerating the evolution of γ‐NiOOH‐like reconstructed species. Notably, the weakened adsorption strength of * OH on COOH‐NiO enables a higher evolution of * OOH, thereby lowering the kinetic barriers of OER. This work establishes functional‐group‐controlled interfacial electronic coupling as a general strategy for developing efficient non‐noble metal electrocatalysts in sustainable energy technologies.
ABSTRACT A fundamental trade‐off plagues dielectric capacitors: enhancing maximum polarization typically degrades breakdown strength, severely limiting energy density. Here we present a dual‐dipole synergy strategy that resolves this contradiction. In layered perovskite films, we engineer an interlayer dipole driven by charge misalignment between functional layers, working in concert with the intralayer polyhedral dipole. Their synergy simultaneously amplifies polarization and strengthens the relaxor behavior and band gap that govern breakdown strength. Implemented in flexible SrBi 5‑ x Pr x Ti 4 AlO 18 capacitors, this design breaks the inverse coupling between maximum polarization and breakdown, delivering an ultrahigh energy density of 131.1 J∙cm −3 with 70.5% efficiency, a 179% enhancement over the unengineered counterpart. The capacitor retains excellent stability over 10 6 bending cycles. This work establishes a generalizable design paradigm wherein the vertical interlayer dipole acts as a new degree of freedom to independently tune polarization and breakdown in layered dielectrics, opening a transformative route beyond the classic trade‐off.
ABSTRACT Synergistic radar‐infrared dual‐band camouflage is severely restricted by an inherent contradiction between microwave‐derived heat release and thermal insulation, while conventional monolithic high‐entropy alloys suffer from high density and poor impedance matching for integrated stealth applications. Herein, soybean‐shaped and high‐aspect‐ratio rice‐shaped FeCoNiCuMn high‐entropy alloys are in situ anchored onto multi‐walled carbon nanotube networks via pressure‐regulated hydrothermal synthesis, yielding ultralight aerogels with an ultra‐low density of 0.014 g·cm −3 . Optimized rice‐structured aerogel delivers a broad effective absorption bandwidth of 5.13 GHz at merely 2.00 mm thickness, a minimum reflection loss of −70.01 dB, and an exceptional specific reflection loss of 419.2, surpassing most reported analogs. CST simulations verify 11.60 dB·m 2 radar cross‐section reduction, guaranteeing outstanding radar stealth for unmanned aerial vehicle coatings. Impressively, the optimized rice‐like HEAAs composite synchronously achieves ∼30 dB electromagnetic shielding, favorable infrared camouflage, fire retardancy and thermal insulation. Mechanism analysis confirms the high‐aspect‐ratio configuration constructs continuous conductive pathways and abundant heterogeneous interfaces to harmonize dielectric dissipation and impedance matching. This morphology‐tuning strategy guides the design of next‐generation multifunctional absorbers for harsh aerospace environments.
ABSTRACT Addressing the issues of accelerated charge migration and diminished energy storage performance in polyimide (PI) under a high‐temperature electric field, this study proposes an aggregation‐state regulation strategy through the construction of non‐conjugated nanodomains in PI‐based copolymers. By introducing non‐conjugated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) diamine into the PI backbone and leveraging the segmental incompatibility between aromatic PI and PDMS segments, a nanoscale “sea‐island” phase‐separated structure is generated based on the enthalpy‐driven phase separation principle. This tailored heterogeneous structure weakens compact aromatic packing, reduces local electronic coupling between PI‐derived segments, and suppresses long‐range charge migration while simultaneously introducing deep trapping sites at heterogeneous interfaces, thereby synergistically regulating charge diffusion behavior of the PI‐PDMS copolymer. The resultant PI‐PDMS film exhibits outstanding performance over a wide‐temperature range: a dielectric constant of 4.41 with low loss of <0.015 at 100 Hz, a discharged energy density of 16.2 J/cm 3 with efficiency of > 90% at 950 MV/m and 25°C, and 6.6 J/cm 3 with efficiency of > 90% at 600 MV/m and 200°C. This research establishes a fresh paradigm for the design of high‐performance polymer dielectrics through aggregation‐state regulation.
ABSTRACT Fluid manipulation is fundamental to fluidic actuation systems, spanning a broad range from biological organisms to robotic systems. However, developing a universal fluid manipulation platform that simultaneously offers programmability, scalability, and high flowrate for robotic actuation remains a challenge. Here, we report a soft fluid manipulation platform powered by an electrokinetic jet, which is generated from a novel wedge‐shaped heterocharge layer within a dielectric fluid. In contrast to conventional electroosmosis (∼10 −4 L/min) or charge‐injection electrohydrodynamics (<0.35 L/min), this platform leverages a specific electrode architecture to spatially program charge distribution via molecular dissociation. This mechanism creates a highly directional body force, yielding a specific flowrate ∼4.4 L min − 1 g −1 and an absolute flowrate exceeding 3.5 L min − 1 . The underlying physics of this phenomenon are interpreted by a theoretical model with comprehensive experimental and numerical validation. The platform exhibits intrinsic scalability from millimeters to meters and enables programmable actuation. Finally, the utility of this platform is demonstrated through three distinct applications: a high‐speed swimming soft robot (achieving 26.5 BL/s), a fluidic lens for smartphone zooming (featuring millisecond‐level voltage control), and a tactile feedback device for human‐machine interaction. This work provides a versatile and practical solution for advanced fluidic actuation in next‐generation robotic systems.
ABSTRACT Developing green and sustainable regeneration technologies for spent lithium‐ion battery cathode materials is of great significance for establishing a self‐sufficient and sustainable production model. In this study, full utilization of all metal components in spent LiMn 2 O 4 cathode materials is achieved through a strategy involving the directional separation of manganese and lithium. Based on the Ostwald ripening principle, spent LiMn 2 O 4 is regenerated into high‐performance single‐crystal cathodes. The recycled single‐crystal lithium manganate (R‐LMO) cathode mitigates lattice strain, suppresses Jahn‐Teller effect‐driven irreversible phase transitions, and enhances structural integrity. Simultaneously, the introduction of oxygen vacancies (OVs) lowers the Li + diffusion energy barrier, thereby improving lithium storage performance in R‐LMO. Compared to commercial LiMn 2 O 4 (LMO), the R‐LMO cathode exhibits superior electrochemical performance at both ambient and elevated temperatures (55°C). After 1000 cycles at 1C, the capacity retention rate of recycled R‐LMO reached 81.2%, surpassing that of LMO (68.6%). Moreover, this method avoids the introduction of external ions that could contaminate the final product and generates no chemical waste during the recycling process, eliminating the need for post‐treatment of waste streams or effluents. This work provides new insights into component separation from spent cathodes and lays the foundation for sustainable, cobalt‐free cathode production.
ABSTRACT Electrical contact materials for advanced power transmission and electromagnetic systems must simultaneously provide high electrical conductivity, arc‐erosion resistance, and tribological stability under extreme electro‐thermo‐mechanical conditions. Herein, Cr 2 AlC and Cu‐doped Cr 2 AlC (Cr 2 AlC‐Cu) coatings were deposited on 7075 aluminum alloy via hybrid arc‐magnetron sputtering followed by low‐temperature annealing at 400°C. With increasing Cu content (0‐9.1 at.%), the coating microstructure evolves from single‐phase Cr 2 AlC to a dual‐phase architecture consisting of Cr 2 AlC and Al 4 Cu 9 . All coatings exhibit high hardness values (18.8‐21.2 GPa), originating from grain refinement and amorphous‐nanocrystalline structures induced by low‐temperature annealing. The Cu‐rich coating demonstrates the lowest electrical resistivity (119 µΩ·cm) and superior resistance to arc erosion. This performance enhancement is attributed to Cu‐assisted Al‐Cu interdiffusion, which accelerates in situ MAX‐phase crystallization and promotes the formation of conductive interfacial networks under Joule heating, establishing a positive feedback mechanism that stabilizes electrical transport and suppresses arc erosion. Moreover, the formation of an adherent Cu transfer layer transforms the frictional interface into a Cu‐Cu sliding contact, effectively reducing friction and preventing adhesive wear of the aluminum substrate. These synergistic effects activate a self‐adaptive crystallization and lubrication mechanism during service, highlighting Cu‐doped Cr 2 AlC coatings as promising candidates for next‐generation electrical contact applications.
ABSTRACT Bioactive hydrogel patches (HPs) are rapidly evolving from passive wound dressings into intelligent, multifunctional therapeutic platforms that integrate materials science, nanotechnology, bioengineering, and translational medicine. This review systematically examines material design and polymer network engineering, fabrication strategies, functional regulation, and biomedical applications of HPs. We first discuss how rational polymer network engineering—through tailored polymer chemistry, crosslinking mechanisms, and hierarchical structuring—governs mechanical compliance, adhesion, permeability, bioactivity, and the spatiotemporal presentation of biochemical cues in both natural and synthetic polymer systems. Advanced construction approaches, such as 3D printing, electrospinning, microfluidics, template‐assisted synthesis, and spray‐based deposition, are highlighted for enabling architectural precision and multifunctional integration of HPs. We further emphasize the strategic incorporation of bioactive, conductive, nanostructured, and stimuli‐responsive fillers to transform HPs from passive barriers into smart therapeutic platforms capable of modulating cellular behavior, immune responses, and microenvironmental dynamics. Representative applications in wound healing, organ regeneration, antibacterial and anti‐inflammatory therapy, biosensing, wearable biodevices, and disease treatment are critically discussed. Finally, current bottlenecks in scalable manufacturing, long‐term biosafety, multifunctional integration, closed‐loop therapeutic regulation, and clinical translation are summarized, and future research directions toward adaptive, personalized, and precision‐engineered HP systems are proposed.
ABSTRACT Composite solid electrolytes (CSEs) are promising for high‐energy solid‐state lithium metal batteries, yet weakly coupled ceramic/polymer interfaces often induce filler aggregation, interfacial defects, and discontinuous Li + transport. Here, we establish a molecular‐bridging strategy using bifunctional PFDTES to couple LLZTO with a fluorinated polymer framework. PFDTES chemically anchors to hydroxylated LLZTO through hydrolysis–condensation reactions, while its perfluorinated segment enhances affinity toward PVDF‐HFP, thereby transforming weakly contacted ceramic/polymer interfaces into more strongly coupled interphases. This dual‐ended molecular bridging suppresses filler aggregation and interfacial defects while reshaping the local Li + coordination environment. The resulting polar interfacial environment weakens Li + –TFSI − association and strong local Li + –ether oxygen coordination, thereby lowering the kinetic barrier for Li + migration across heterogeneous phases. Consequently, PLF‐CSE achieves an ionic conductivity of 5.05 × 10 −4 S cm −1 at 30°C, a Li + transference number of 0.72, and an electrochemical stability window of 5.12 V. More homogeneous Li + flux, together with a LiF/Li 3 N‐rich interphase, enables stable lithium plating/stripping for over 6000 h, while LFP|PLF‐CSE|Li cells retain 92.9% of their capacity after 1000 cycles at 2 C. This work highlights the critical role of molecular bridging in regulating Li + transport across ceramic/polymer interfaces, offering a rational strategy for designing high‐performance CSEs.
ABSTRACT For sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), the central obstacle to artificial intelligence (AI)‐guided discovery is not simply data volume or algorithm choice, but the conditional nature of electrochemical labels. Capacity, voltage, initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE), rate capability, and retention depend on synthesis, disorder, electrolyte, interphase, and cell format rather than composition alone. Existing SIB and AI‐battery reviews are commonly organized by material class, value chain, or chemistry, but they rarely explain how a prediction becomes a defensible cell‐level decision. This review develops a data‐to‐interface framework linking literature, computation, processing, electrolyte, and full‐cell data to descriptors, models, mechanistic hypotheses, and validation under realistic constraints. Ordered cathodes are matched to voltage, phase stability, and Na‐ion migration; hard carbon is treated as a disordered‐anode case governed by precursor history, pore structure, storage mechanism, and electrolyte‐sensitive interphases. Electrolytes and electrode/electrolyte interfaces define whether electrode‐level predictions remain valid in practical cells. A structured assessment of representative studies shows that no study in the selected evidence set covers all seven metadata layers, with full‐cell matching and interphase reporting as the most common gaps. We propose a sodium‐specific minimum reporting profile for uncertainty‐aware, descriptor‐driven, and interface‐validated decision‐making.
ABSTRACT The inevitable photothermal‐induced desorption of functional molecules at the perovskite film surface would resurge the passivated surface defect states and cause severe recombination, thereby affecting both photovoltaic performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we report a synergistic bimolecular passivation (SBP) strategy by employing 2‐methylpropanimidamide hydrochloride (MPACl) to fix phenethylammonium (PEA + ) ligands extensively used at the perovskite film surface, achieving a stable and well passivated surface. As revealed, SBP strategy significantly inhibited the interface nonradiative recombination and enhanced the carrier transport, along with optimizing the interfacial energy level alignment. As a result, for the promising hole‐transport layer (HTL)‐free PSCs, the target device achieved a remarkable PCE of 26.51% (certified at 26.03%) with a V OC of 1.204 V, corresponding to a mere 356 mV deficit for 1.56 eV perovskites. This further boosts the record efficiency of HTL‐free PSCs. Meanwhile, the encapsulated device can retain over 95% of their original PCE after 1300 h of light soaking. Our work addressed successfully the above thorny issue and provides an effective way to realize both high efficiency and stability PSCs.
ABSTRACT Atomically dispersed catalysts have attracted considerable attention in electrocatalysis for their maximized atomic utilization, excellent catalytic performance, and atomic perspective for mechanistic understanding. Among them, copper‐based atomically dispersed catalysts (Cu‐ADCs) are distinguished by their fully occupied 3 d 10 electronic configuration, favorable d ‐orbital energies alignment, and adjustable d ‐orbital energy levels, which ensure moderate binding energies for various adsorbed intermediates. These features endow Cu‐ADCs with remarkable activity and distinctive selectivity across diverse electrocatalytic processes, particularly those involving multi‐electron transfer. Furthermore, unlike many conventional static single‐atom catalysts (SACs), isolated Cu sites can undergo dynamic reconstruction under applied potentials, forming transient atomic ensembles that drive complex steps requiring adjacent active sites. This review examines the recent advances in Cu‐ADCs for energy and environmental electrocatalysis. The synthetic strategies and stabilization challenges of atomically dispersed Cu species are first elaborated, followed by discussions of the electronic regulation approaches and the dynamic structural evolution of Cu‐ADCs under reaction conditions. Subsequently, the catalytic performance in various electrocatalytic reactions is discussed, with emphasis on the structure‐activity relationships and the underlying mechanisms. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are outlined to guide the rational design of efficient Cu‐ADCs.
ABSTRACT O3‐NaNi 1/3 Fe 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 (NFM) is a promising high‐energy‐density cathode for sodium‐ion batteries. However, the long‐term cycling performance is hindered by particle fracture caused by non‐uniform stress distribution. The mechanisms of non‐mechanical stress accumulation in intergranular and intragranular regions, as well as the long‐range transfer of stress interactions, remain unclear. Herein, we used DFT calculations and mechanical parameter analyses at the unit‐cell scale to identify SOC‐dependent “tension‐compression asymmetry” (Δ E SOC ) as a key descriptor. Correlation analysis reveals that Δ E SOC governs the continuity of intragranular strain and the magnitude of intergranular strain, enabling precise mapping of local stress accumulation. We developed a stress‐transfer model to describe directional stress propagation, demonstrating that cumulative stress is the product‐sum of Δ E SOC values along the transfer path. This model elucidates how intragranular stress drives microcrack formation. Guided by these insights, we employed Ca 2+ doping to regulate Δ E SOC , effectively reducing stress accumulation and enhancing cycling stability. After 1000 cycles at 1C, the Ca‐doped NFM retained 62.1% of the initial capacity, significantly outperforming the pristine NFM (18.3%). This work unifies localized stress accumulation and diffusive transfer mechanisms, providing a deeper understanding of stress‐induced failure in layered cathodes.
ABSTRACT With frequent extreme heat events, cooling demand is no longer confined to traditional low‐latitude hot regions. Passive radiative cooling is usually designed to achieve the high reflectivity and emissivity under fixed conditions, whereas actual cooling demand changes with latitude‐dependent thermal boundaries. Inspired by the structural‐spectral distribution rule formed by butterfly‐wings in response to their habitats, this work proposes an environment‐guided gradient porous radiative cooling film design strategy. In the TPU/PMMA/ZrO 2 system, thickness‐direction gradient pore regulates photon transmission, PMMA dispersed‐phase introduces secondary scattering on pore‐walls, and ZrO 2 nanoparticles enhance local optical contrast. The optimized G‐TPU/PMMA/ZrO 2 film achieves 96.4% solar reflectance and 98.5% infrared emissivity, exhibiting the lowest outdoor temperature and highest net cooling power. By adjusting the supercritical CO 2 foaming process parameters, the same material system can form large‐pore‐rich, balanced‐gradient, and dense‐small‐pore‐rich architectures to adapt to different thermal environments. Climate‐chamber tests further verified that the optimal pore structure changes with the external environment. EnergyPlus simulations show that radiative cooling cannot be treated as a universal year‐round cooling surface, while an appropriate cooling method should be selected based on climatic characteristics. This work advances porous radiative cooling from single‐condition performance maximization to structural adaptation for different thermal boundaries within one material platform.
ABSTRACT Spectinomycin (SPT) lacks native chromophores and exhibits only weak far‐ ultraviolet absorption, rendering its sensitive and selective detection highly challenging via conventional optical methods. Herein, we report a dual‐functional optical platform based on a UiO‐67 framework with missing‐linker defects constructed through mixed‐linker doping of H 3 bptc. After pore‐confined loading of Nile blue (NB), the resultant NB@UiO‐67‐bptc functions as a ratiometric fluorescent sensor for SPT, driven by SPT‐induced NB excimer formation within the confined pore environment. The sensor delivers an ultra‐low detection limit of 3.7 nM, an ultrafast response within 5 s, and a distinctive capability to discriminate SPT from other structurally analogous aminoglycoside antibiotics. The defective MOF carries abundant uncoordinated carboxyl groups, which can form hydrogen‐bonding with sodium alginate (SA). The resulting composite film (UiO‐67‐bptc@SA) emits bright cyan long‐afterglow film with an average phosphorescence lifetime of 759.8 ms and a naked‐eye‐visible afterglow of up to 2 s. This work demonstrates that a single defect‐engineering modification can integrate two heterogeneous optical functions into one MOF system, providing a straightforward strategy for constructing multifunctional MOF optical materials for sensing and anti‐counterfeiting applications.
ABSTRACT Oligomerized non‐fullerene acceptors (o‐NFAs) have emerged as a promising material for constructing efficient and stable organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the precise role of their molecular geometry and surface properties in governing the vertical phase distribution for efficient charge collection near electrodes of OSCs remains underexplored. In this work, two trimerized star‐shaped oligomer acceptors, TAQ‐15F and TBQ‐15F, are synthesized with fused and non‐fused trithiophene‐benzene cores. We find although this core modulation barely affects the energy levels and absorption spectra, it substantially changes the surface free energy of these o‐NFAs and consequently influences their vertical phase distribution within the photoactive layer. With a more twisted conformation, TBQ‐15F allows its side chains to be ordered in out‐of‐plane and results in a much lower surface free energy compared to TAQ‐15F. When TBQ‐15F is incorporated into the classic D18/L8‐BO photoactive layer via layer‐by‐layer deposition, this reduced surface energy further correlates a more pronounced vertical stratification and gradient molecular distribution (acceptor‐rich near the cathode and donor‐rich near the anode) as revealed by angle‐dependent GIWAXS measurements and XPS depth profiling. Certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.8% with improved operational stability was achieved in the D18/L8‐BO+TBQ‐15F ternary OSCs.
ABSTRACT A dual‐layer structured catalyst (S‐NiFeO x H y /NiFe) comprising an inner nickel sulfide layer and an outer iron oxide layer was constructed on a nickel‐iron foam through a combined approach of electrochemical treatment and selective hydrothermal sulfidation. This catalyst demonstrates exceptional OER activity and remarkable stability under alkaline conditions, achieving overpotentials as low as 216.6 and 287.0 mV at current densities of 100 and 300 mA cm −2 , respectively, while maintaining stable operation for over 9000 and 7300 h. Using various in situ characterization techniques, the sulfur loss‐triggered dynamic reconstruction process is systematically elucidated, whereby nickel sulfide transforms into highly active NiOOH, while FeOOH undergoes nanoscale refinement and valence elevation, collectively forming an efficient catalytic interface. The reaction proceeds via a synergistic combination of the lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) and the adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM), with NiOOH primarily facilitating LOM for high efficiency and FeOOH favoring AEM for excellent stability. This dual‐mechanism coupling significantly enhances both reaction efficiency and durability. The surface iron oxide layer effectively suppresses sulfur dissolution, maintaining a slow and controllable reconstruction cycle that ensures long‐term catalyst stability. This work provides new insights into the design of high‐performance electrocatalysts through dynamic reconstruction and mechanistic synergy strategies.
ABSTRACT Spinal cord injury (SCI) often causes permanent neurological deficits due to limited neuron regeneration and glial scar formation. Stem cell therapy is promising, but transplanted stem cells often differentiate into astrocytes rather than neurons under inflammatory conditions. To address this, a nuclei‐targeting, histone acetylation–regulated lipid nanoparticle (LNP) was developed to direct stem cell fate. The LNP was functionalized with the MPG cell‐penetrating peptide (LNP‐MPG) for nuclei‐targeting, greatly enhancing the transfection efficiency of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). It delivered a high‐molecular‐weight FGF2 (HMW‐FGF2) plasmid to activate nuclear FGFR1, promoting CBP/p300‐dependent histone H3 acetylation. This epigenetic modulation drove DPSCs to differentiate into neurons rather than astrocytes even under inflammatory conditions. In a mouse SCI model, DPSCs transfected with HMW‐FGF2@LNP‐MPG significantly promoted neuronal regeneration, reduced glial scarring, and improved motor function. Mechanistically, we further confirmed that the engineered DPSCs formed functional synaptic integration with V2a‐linked circuitry, the core component of the spinal locomotor central pattern generator; specific ablation of V2a interneurons completely abolished the motor functional recovery induced by DPSC transplantation. These results demonstrate that this histone acetylation–regulated nano‐converter effectively redirects stem cell fate and improves functional recovery, offering a promising therapeutic approach for SCI repair.
ABSTRACT Developing efficient and durable non‐precious metal electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting remains a critical barrier to sustainable hydrogen production. Among earth‐abundant candidates, vanadium‐based oxide electrocatalysts are highly attractive due to their wide range of oxidation states (V 2+– V 5+ ), composition‐dependent tunability of active sites, and intrinsically flexible atomic structures. This review offers a comprehensive and mechanistic analysis of the six principal modification strategies: lattice engineering, heteroatom doping, heterojunction and interface engineering, carbon‐based hybridization, morphology engineering, and surface reconstruction and pre‐catalyst design. It highlights structure–property relationships, the identification of active sites, and operative oxygen evolution pathways. A distinctive finding across the strategies reviewed is that vanadium dissolution and surface reconstruction are design features, not degradation processes; thus, the as‐synthesized material frequently functions as a pre‐catalyst engineered to reconstruct under electrochemical operating conditions. This review further highlights how machine learning methods accelerate the atomistic modeling of structurally analogous oxide systems, offering an emerging simulation framework for addressing mechanistic questions that conventional first‐principles calculations cannot address at the scale required for this materials class. Finally, a personal perspective is offered on the challenges and future research directions for advancing vanadium‐based oxide electrocatalysts toward industrially relevant water‐splitting performance.
