A skin scar is a result of the healing process of skin trauma. It can occur as a proper structure or as an abnormal growth, such as a hypertrophic scar and a keloid. Scar differs in surface, location, impact on other structures, and cosmetic view. Abnormal hypertrophic scar increases the risk of further irritation, scarring, disturbs the natural barrier, decreases in cosmetic view, and impacts daily life. There are different types of treatment for an excessive scar that can be applied in different cases. The steroid tapes, steroid injections, surgery, post-surgical radiation, dry needling, silicone materials, laser therapy, cryotherapy, massage, ACE inhibitors, and fat grafting.
Introduction and Objective. The skin not only plays a fundamental role in protecting the body from external factors, but also participates in thermoregulatory, metabolic, immunological and sensory processes. More and more attention is being paid (both in the scientific community and among patients) to the impact of lifestyle, including the use of legal stimulants such as alcohol or products containing nicotine on the condition of the skin. The aim of this paper was to present the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of harmful, easily accessible and legal addictive substances on human skin and also to support an interdisciplinary approach to the prevention and treatment of skin pathologies associated with their use. Review methods. The research was conducted as a literature review based on information obtained from PubMed, Embase, GoogleScholar using combinations of the following keywords: skin, cigarettes, alcohol, nicotine, lifestyle, substance, abuse, cancer. The state of knowledge. Biological mechanisms through which alcohol and nicotine (in both traditional and e-cigarette forms) affect the condition of the skin include the induction of oxidative stress, microcirculation disturbances, modulation of the immune response and disruptions in collagen metabolism. These mechanisms influence wound healing, exacerbate the course of inflammatory skin diseases, contribute to the development of neoplastic lesions and accelerate the skin aging process. There are reports of potential therapeutic benefits of nicotine in certain dermatoses. However, researchers point out the methodological limitations in existing studies. Conclusion. Alcohol and tobacco products have a negative impact on the skin – they disrupt microcirculation, weaken the epidermal barrier, slow down wound healing and accelerate aging. In the context of the growing popularity of e-cigarettes and alternative forms of nicotine consumption, the need for further, well-designed research in this area is emphasized.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine, serving as the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Despite decades of research, effective causal treatment is still not available, and current therapies mainly focus on alleviating symptoms. However, in recent years, there has been significant progress in therapies targeting pathological proteins – amyloid β (Aβ) and tau – offering hope for modifying the course of the disease. In this review, we discuss the latest achievements in AD treatment, including clinical trial results involving monoclonal antibodies (lecanemab, donanemab), the role of biomarkers in early diagnosis, and the impact of non- pharmacological interventions such as diet and physical activity. Additionally, we analyze the challenges associated with anti-amyloid therapy, including side effects and limitations of current methods. We also emphasize the importance of personalized medicine and future research directions that may lead to breakthroughs in Alzheimer's disease therapy. Materials and methods: This review was conducted systematically to identify and analyze relevant scientific literature regarding advancements in the treatment and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The PubMed database was searched. Articles were searched using the following words: "Anti-amyloid therapies"; "Alzheimer's disease"; "Lekanemab"; "Donanemab"; "Alzheimer's biomarkers"; "Cerebrospinal fluid"; "CSF"; "Tau protein"; "Non- pharmacological interventions"; "Mediterranean diet"; "Dementia prevention"; "Amyloid- related imaging abnormalities"; "Disease-modifying therapies”; „traumatic brain injury”.
Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with systemic complications that may impair cognitive and motor functions. Simple reaction time (SRT) is a measure of sensory-motor performance and an important indicator of central nervous system processing speed. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of diabetes mellitus on simple reaction time and cognitive abilities decline comparing results between individuals with diabetes and healthy controls. Methods: A review paper based on studies found on PubMed and Google Scholar. The majority of metanalyses and studies involve two groups: a diabetic group (patients diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes) and a non-diabetic control group. Participants performed a standardized computer-based simple reaction time test. Reaction times were measured and statistically analyzed to assess differences between the groups. Results: The results indicated that individuals with diabetes had significantly longer simple reaction times compared to the control group. The findings suggest that diabetes mellitus negatively affects sensory-motor integration and neural processing speed. Conclusion: The study concludes that diabetes mellitus can impair cognitive-motor function as reflected in prolonged simple reaction times. This highlights the need for cognitive assessment and monitoring in diabetic patients as part of their routine clinical care.
Insulin resistance is a condition in which the decreased tissue sensitivity to insulin, which consequently leads to impaired glucose metabolism. This condition is the starting point for many chronic diseases, primarily type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, PCOS, NAFLD and cardiovascular disease. This paper discusses the current state of knowledge on the effects of supplementation, diet and intermittent fasting on improving insulin sensitivity. The pathophysiological mechanisms of insulin resistance, diagnostic methods (including HOMA-IR, OGTT, metabolic clamp method), and its impact on the development and course of chronic diseases are presented. Special attention was given to supplements such as vitamin D, magnesium, zinc, Myo-inositol and omega-3 fatty acids, which through a variety of mechanisms can support glucose metabolism and improve insulin action. Also discussed was the role of caloric restriction and intermittent fasting, which have positive effects on body weight, metabolic profile and, most importantly, insulin sensitivity. The aim of the study was to highlight the importance of lifestyle modification and dietary interventions in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and its consequences. Due to the increasing prevalence of these disease entities in the general population, including among increasingly younger patients, it is necessary to implement appropriate preventive and therapeutic strategies in daily clinical practice.
